Photosynthesis

the reduced form of the biological unit of energy, ATP; ADP has one less phosphate group than ATP

the cell in which the Calvin cycle takes place in C4 plants around the veins of the leaves

plant that undergoes the typical metabolic pathways that fix carbon into three-carbon molecules

plant that uses an alternate metabolic pathway in which carbon is fixed into four-carbon molecules

plant that uses an alternate metabolic pathway in which carbon is fixed into organic acids at night and passed on to the Calvin cycle during the day

the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient, which results in a charge that can be used as a source of energy

a green pigment used in photosynthesis

a membrane-bound organelle found in plants and some other organisms that captures energy from light and converts it into chemical energy

an enzyme in the thylakoid membrane that forms part of the electron transport chain that moves electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I

the six-carbon sugar that is the product of reactions following the Calvin cycle

a three-carbon molecule formed in the Calvin cycle that is a precursor to glucose

stacked thylakoid sacs where the light reactions of photosynthesis takes place

the cell in a leaf that contain chloroplasts, where photosynthesis takes place, or where carbon fixation occurs in C4 plants

the oxidized form of NADPH, which is used as an electron carrier in the Calvin cycle

the reduced form of NADP⁺ that serves as an electron carrier in the Calvin cycle; the H at the end denotes that the molecule contains an extra hydrogen atom as compared to NADP⁺

the product of the carbon-fixation reaction in C4 photosynthesis

the enzyme that catalyzes carbon fixation in C4 photosynthesis

the molecule to which CO₂ is added in C4 photosynthesis

an organism that makes its own food using light energy

the uptake of O₂ and release of CO₂ driven by light, which consumes energy and decreases the output from photosynthesis

the process by which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy that is stored in organic compounds, such as sugars

the second light-capturing complex found in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that converts light energy into chemical energy

the first light-capturing complex found in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that converts light energy into chemical energy

small channel between mesophyll cells and bundle-sheath cells through which molecules pass between carbon fixation in the mesophyll cells and the Calvin cycle in the bundle-sheath cells; this channel extends through the cell wall of a plant cell and directly connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells

the molecule that is produced after CO₂ is passed on to the Calvin cycle in C4 photosynthesis, which regenerates PEP

a five-carbon sugar to which the enzyme rubisco adds one carbon, during carbon fixation, to form a six-carbon sugar that is energetically unstable

the enzyme that adds one carbon to a five-carbon sugar called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) during carbon fixation

small opening mostly found on the undersides of leaves that allows for gas exchange between the plant and the external environment

a fluid inside chloroplasts that contains bundles of membrane-bound sacs called thylakoids

a membrane-bound sac inside the stroma that may be stacked into columns, called grana, in which light reactions of photosynthesis take place; the space within each thylakoid sac is called lumen