abiotic factor
a non-living thing, such as water, temperature, and minerals, that affects an ecosystem
age–sex structure
the distribution of individuals in a species, categorized by both age and sex
biotic factor
a living thing that influences an ecosystem, such as prey, predators, and pathogens
carrying capacity
the maximum number of individuals of a population that a habitat can support
demographic
the life statistics of a population, such as births and deaths
density-dependent
limitations to population growth that vary with population density, such as food availability and disease
density-independent
limitations to population growth that are not dependent on population density, such as weather and environmental catastrophes
dispersion
the way in which individuals are arranged within the boundaries of a population
exponential growth
the rate of population growth in situations in which food and other resources are unlimited
fecundity
the speed at which an individual of a species can produce offspring
introduced species
an organism from one ecosystem that is brought to live in a different ecosystem
invasive species
an organism that does not occur naturally in an ecosystem but thrives and often damages its new ecosystem
life history trait
the timing and characteristics of a significant event in the life cycle of a species
limiting factor
an environmental factor that restricts the growth of populations
logistic equation
a mathematical means of showing how the rate of increase in a population decreases as the population size increases
logistic growth model
a model that indicates how a population grows more slowly when a population reaches the carrying capacity of its environment
mortality
the rate of death in a population
native species
a species that is normally is found in a particular ecosystem
population
an interbreeding group of individuals of the same species
population density
the number of individuals of a population per unit of area
population ecology
the study of populations and how they interact with the environment
survivorship curve
a graphical representation of the numbers or proportions of individuals surviving at each age