anterograde amnesia
memory loss due to an inability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory
chunking
combining smaller pieces of information together to form larger units
context-dependent learning
when memories are more easily retrieved in a setting that matches the setting in which original learning took place
distributed practice
learning sessions that are spread out over time, usually with breaks
elaborative rehearsal
the process of actively enhancing stored information with related information
encoding
the process of transforming perceptions, feelings, and thoughts into enduring mental structures
episodic memory
stored collection of personal experiences
explicit memory
stored information that can be consciously retrieved; factual information
false memory
recollection that is believed to be true but is actually contrary to fact
implicit memory
memory for behaviors people learn and retrieve without conscious awareness
long-term memory
system storing facts, experience, and skills for periods ranging from a few minutes to a lifetime
long-term potentiation (LTP)
increase in the strength of a connection between neurons that lasts from minutes to days
massed practice
continuous learning sessions with no rest breaks
memory consolidation
process of transferring information from short-term and working memory to long-term memory
mnemonic
technique that enhances learning and retrieval
priming
nonconscious memory effect in which exposure to a cue influences the activation or recall of words, objects, or ideas
proactive interference
tendency of earlier learning to impair memory for information acquired later
procedural memory
acquisition of skills; "knowing how"
repression
mental process that removes unwanted thoughts and memories from conscious awareness
retrieval
process of bringing to consciousness information that was previously encoded and stored
retrieval cue
stimulus that brings previously learned information to consciousness
retroactive interference
tendency of later learning to impair memory of information learned earlier
retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve information that was stored earlier
semantic memory
network of associated concepts that makes up a person's knowledge of the world
sensory memory
storage of information from the senses that lasts a few seconds or less
serial position effect
tendency to remember more information from the beginning and end of an event than from the middle
short-term memory
system storing information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
source amnesia
inability to remember the context in which a memory was formed
working memory
information in short-term storage that is being actively processed