applied sociology
use of research about social behavior to create solutions to specific social issues or for specific client needs
culture
set of shared practices, values, beliefs, norms, and traditions that shape a specific society
empirical statement
assertion based on data collected through careful and systematic observations
macro-level analysis
examination of society as a whole
mechanical solidarity
sense of unity between people who share ties, values, and beliefs, leading to cooperation
meso-level analysis
detailed examination of a specific group, community, or organization
micro-level analysis
detailed examination of one-to-one interactions between individuals
normative statement
assertion based on value judgments and opinions
organic solidarity
social unity that develops when individuals depend on one another for labor and services
positivism
philosophy that holds that truth can be determined by scientifically verifying or proving ideas and assertions
social
refers to society or things pertaining to the public, group, or collective
social change
shifts in the patterns that characterize a society
social cohesion
sense shared by members of a society or community of being bound together as a group
social institution
complex set of interdependent social forces that meet basic needs and serve to reproduce patterns of behavior
social interaction
social exchange between two or more individuals, emphasizing their actions and reactions toward one another
social structure
organized pattern of relationships and social institutions that make up a society
society
human-made system that organizes and connects people who interact, live in a defined territory, and share a culture
socioeconomic status (SES)
combined measure of economic and social ranking based on income, education, and occupation
sociological imagination
awareness of a relationship between personal experiences and larger forces of society
sociological perspective
view that human behavior is shaped by group affiliation and the social behaviors that take place within those groups
sociology
study of social behavior, including social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior
theoretical sociology
study and analysis of society, social groups, and social behaviors
value-free sociology
objective, unbiased approach to sociological research