activity variance
difference between a company's revenues or costs projected in its static budget and the actual revenues or costs in the flexible budget
cost driver
factor that causes a company to spend money because it affects volume or activity levels, or both
direct materials
raw goods that can be traced directly to, or easily identified with, a specific product
direct materials cost variance
difference between the actual cost of the items used to create a product and the standard cost of those items
direct materials quantity variance
difference between the actual amount of items used to create a product and the standard amount that a company expected to use
flexible budget
budget that computes planned costs and revenues by analyzing the actual level of output in the same period
flexible budget variance
difference between the calculations from the flexible budget analysis and a company's actual results for the period
labor cost variance
difference between the amount a company actually spent on workers and its standard or projected amount spent on workers
labor efficiency variance
difference between a company's actual time used for production and the standard or projected time
management by exception
when management concentrates its efforts on areas of concern that are not operating as anticipated and spends less time on areas that it more accurately predicted
overhead cost variance
difference between the amount a company actually spent on overhead expenses and the amount it predicted it would spend
overhead efficiency variance
difference between the actual overhead expenses needed for production and the standard or projected overhead expenses
revenue variance
difference between the amount of sales a company expected to realize within the budget period and the amount of sales it actually realized
sales mix
proportion of different products or services, which usually vary in profitability, that make up a company's total sales
spending variance
difference between how much a company expects to spend in a budget period and how much it actually spends
standard
company's budgeted figure that it uses for planning and long-term goals, such as cost or quantity, based on specific circumstances
static budget
financial plan that uses predicted or estimated expenses that are fixed (they do not change with the level of actual activity)
static-budget variance
difference between a company's projected needs and expenses for production as indicated in a static budget and the company's actual needs and expenses
variable cost
expense that increases or decreases with the level of production
variance analysis
study of the difference between a company's standard or predicted performance and its actual performance during a specific budget period