budget constraint (BC)
a representation of the choices between two goods that consumers make based on their income
diminishing marginal utility
the observation that each additional unit of a product consumed will yield progressively smaller increases in utility
disutility
sadness or lack of satisfaction that a consumer gets from consuming an item
indifference curve (IC)
graphical representation showing the utility consumers get from consuming combinations of two goods; usually graphed as a curve
marginal utility (MU)
the incremental utility associated with consuming one additional unit of a good
optimal consumption
a situation in which individuals consume in ways to get the best return for consumption
optimal consumption point
the one point in optimization where the consumer receives the highest utility
optimality equation
a formula to calculate the best consumption possibility
utility (U)
a quantitative measure of happiness or satisfaction used in economic analysis
utility maximization
the process of choosing the combination of goods that provides the highest possible level of happiness
utility-maximizing condition
a situation that assumes that consumers spend every last dollar in ways that optimize utility