anti-monopoly policy
policy designed to curb their excesses to deter monopolies from abusing their market power
antitrust law
in the United States, a law designed to restrict monopolies and encourage competition in markets
barrier to entry
legal, economic, or political barrier that prevents or obstructs the entry of new firms into a market and limits the amount of competition that existing firms must face
break-even price
the lowest price that a firm can charge and still cover its average total costs
copyright
the legally provided right of an artist and their estate to profit from their work for the life of the artist plus 70 years, or even plus 120 years
economies of scale
the observation that a firm's long run average total costs decrease as production levels increase
innovation
the economic application of a new idea, which could be a new or modified product, production process, or method of organizing a business
legal barrier
government-created barrier to entry, such as a patent, copyright, trademark, or license
license
official permission to conduct an activity, which governments can use to create a barrier to entry by restricting availability
market power
the ability of a supplier to set the market price and control the amount of the good/service available to consumers
market structure
the features that may affect the behavior and performance of firms in a market
monopolist
a supplier that has a monopoly over the provision of a good/service
monopolistic competition
a market structure of imperfect competition in which the suppliers have a low degree of market power and sell differentiated products
monopoly
a market structure in which one company is the only supplier of a good or service for which there are no close substitutes
natural monopoly
a monopoly created and preserved because economies of scale make production by a single large firm the most cost-effective way of producing
network effect
the increase value when one good/service is used by the majority of consumers in the market
normal profit
the situation when a firm's total costs and total revenue are equal
patent
the exclusive rights of an inventor to use (or allow others to use) their invention, which creates a temporary monopoly, typically 20 years from the time of submission for the patent
price discrimination
the practice of charging different prices for the same product in different markets
price-taker
a participant in a perfectly competitive market; whatever price the market will bear is the price at which the price-taker must sell
strategic pricing
ability of the monopolist to reduce the market price in order to keep competitors from succeeding
trademark
a symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product