Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

organic compound characterized by the grouping C(OR)₂, where R is an alkyl and is obtained by heating an aldehyde or a ketone with an alcohol

organic compound that contains a carbonyl group (${\rm{C{=}O}}$) bound to one alkyl (${-}{\rm {R}}$) fragment and one hydrogen atom, with ${\rm{RC({=}O)H}}$ or ${\rm{R{-}CHO}}$ stoichiometry

conjugate base of an alcohol that consists of an organic group bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom

reaction using peroxy acids or peroxides as the oxidant that cleaves the ${\rm{C{-}C}}$ bond next to a carbonyl, converting aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters

functional group in which carbon atoms are double bonded to oxygen atoms

functional group containing both cyano and hydroxyl groups

removal of sulfur from sulfur-containing compounds

influence on the reactivity of a group based on movement or location of electrons in a bond

molecule or ion that accepts electrons to form a covalent bond

amino group containing the double-bond linkage ${ \rm{C{=}C{-}N}}$

reaction of a Grignard reagent with a carbonyl-containing compound to yield either an alcohol or another (different) carbonyl

reagent that has the formula ${\rm{R{-}MgX}}$, where the halogen may be ${-}{\rm{Cl}}$, ${-}{\rm{Br}}$, or ${-}{\rm {I}}$

organic compound characterized by the grouping C(OH)(OR), where R is an alkyl group and is usually formed as an intermediate in the preparation of an acetal from an aldehyde or ketone

compound formed by the union of water with some other substance

compound containing the group ${-}{\rm {C{=}NNHR}}$ formed by the action of hydrazine or a substituted hydrazine (such as phenylhydrazine) on a carbonyl-containing compound

organic compound containing the ${\rm {C{=}NH}}$ group or its substituted form NR that is derived from ammonia by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by a hydrocarbon group or other nonacid organic group

organic compound that contains a carbonyl group (${\rm{C{=}O}}$) bound to two alkyl (${-}{\rm {R}}$) fragments (which can be the same, R and R, or different, R and R′), with ${\rm{RC({=} O)R'}}$ or RCOR′ stoichiometry

molecule or ion rich in electrons that donates a pair of electrons that forms a covalent bond

reaction where an electron-rich reactant (a nucleophile) reacts with an electron-deficient part of a compound. This reaction breaks one $\pi$ bond (pi bond) while generating two new $\sigma$ bonds (sigma bonds).

modified functional group that is unaffected by some reagents but easily removed by other reagents

catalyst for the hydrogenation of organic compounds that consists of an alloy of equal parts nickel and aluminum in the form of a pyrophoric powder or crystals or a suspension in alcohol

nonbonding interaction that occurs through 3-D space and changes the reactivity of an ion or molecule because of size, arrangement, and spatial factors

sulfur analog of an acetal; an organic compound characterized by the grouping C(SR)₂, where R is an alkyl and is obtained by heating an aldehyde or a ketone with a thiol

organic compound that is derived from H₂S. It contains an alkyl or aryl group covalently linked to a sulfhydryl group, ${-}{\rm{SH}}$, through ${\rm{C{-}S}}$ bonds, with ${\rm{R{-}SH}}$ stoichiometry.

reduction of a ketone or aldehyde to an alkane by conversion to a hydrazone followed by the addition of a strong base

species with opposite formal charges on adjacent atoms