Industrialization and the Gilded Age: 1816–1900

Democratic leader who rose to power in New York City in the late 1860s

law passed in 1882 that closed doors to Chinese immigrants for a period of 10 years and was eventually made permanent

legal entity created for the purpose of running a business

law passed in 1887 to divide Native American reservation land among members of the tribe while selling the remainder to white settlers and businesses

widespread use of machines and factories to mass-produce goods in Europe and the United States in the early 19th century

act passed in 1862 that encouraged the settlement and development of the American West by promising each settler a 160-acre homestead

social reformer and advocate of free public education

strategy for monopolizing a market by forming mergers with or taking over and forcing out competitors

process of converting a society to a socioeconomic order based primarily on industry

market structure in which one company is the only supplier of a good or service for which there are no close substitutes

material found naturally in the environment that can be harvested and exploited for economic gain

system of rewarding people loyal to the party by giving them valuable contracts and secure jobs

promotion of others' welfare by providing funding to charitable causes

series of conflicts between white settlers and Native Americans for control of land from 1848 to 1868

party-affiliated organization led by a powerful and disciplined boss who got things done, often by illegal means

grassroots movement that lasted from 1889 to 1896 and was made up primarily of farmers and some labor groups

1894 strike in which railroad workers walked off the job to protest a pay cut, leaving railroad cars stranded on tracks across the country

derisive term applied to businessmen who displayed excessive greed and earned great fortunes from dishonest or exploitative business practices

British mechanic who immigrated to America and in 1790 designed the first equipment to mill, or process, cotton on a large scale in the United States

industrialization phase in the United States between the 1870s and 1900 marked by the rapid adoption of new technologies

practice of a winning political party filling public offices with its supporters

political machine named after the building that served as Democrat Boss Tweed's headquarters in New York City

satirical novel about corruption in public life. Cowritten by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, the title would lend its name to the period.

individuals who benefited greatly from industrialization

first continuous cross-continent railroad line in the United States, completed in 1869

process by which towns and cities grow larger and become more centralized because of population shifts from rural to urban areas

process by which a corporation owns and controls every part of the manufacturing process, from its source materials, to its factories, to its transportation