Review for Final Exam
Y o u c a n b r i n g 1 i n d e x c a r d w i th fo r m u l a e ( o n l y fo r m u l a e ) B r i n g a s c i e n ti fi c c a l c u l a to r A b o u t 1 /3 q u a n ti ta ti v e , 2 /3 q u a l i ta ti v e S h o w a s m u c h w o rk a s
Aurora on Oct. 24/25 2011
Iceland
Payson, AZ
Alberta, Canada Grand Portage, MN
What processes can shape a planets surface?
Geological Processes Besides Plate Tectonics
Impact cratering
Impacts by asteroids or comets
Erosion
Surface changes made by win
Ch. 2 Celestial Navigation
Polaris
NW N NE
But how do you find Polaris?
Polaris Big Dipper
Constellations
88 in total
Constellation of Orion
Are the stars in a constellation physically close or associated?
3-D of Stars in Orion
What do we need to measure
Chapter 7
Earth and the Terrestrial Worlds
Terrestrial worlds near us
Craters, cliffs, Volcanoes, Craters, plains Craters, riverbeds? plains craters
What makes the Earth different from the other terrestrial planets?
Earth is a living planet!
(It is the mo
Inside Jupiter
High pressure inside of Jupiter causes the phase of hydrogen to change with depth.
Hydrogen acts like a metal at great depths because its electrons move freely.
Inside Jupiter
The core is thought to be made of rock, metals, and hydrogen
Chapter 8
Jovian Planets
What are jovian planets made of?
Jovian Planet Composition
Jupiter and Saturn
Mostly H and He gas
Uranus and Neptune
Mostly hydrogen compounds: water (H2O), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3)
Some H, He, and rock
Jovian Planet Form
Metallic Core
Rocky Mantle
Ice coating cracked by tidal forces. May have liquid water ocean underneath.
Europa also shows a very diffuse O2 atmosphere! But not of biological origin.
Formed from dissociation (break-up) of H2O molecules by solar radiation,
What is the consequence of roughly equal angular sizes for the Sun and the Moon as seen
from the Earth?
What do you think decides the duration of the total solar eclipse?
Not all total solar eclipses last for the same duration. The one on July 22, 2009 la
Planteary Atmospheres
How does Earths atmosphere affect the planet?
Why is our sky blue?
Why is our sky blue?
Blue light is scattered more than red light by air molecules.
Is the sky blue everywhere?
Sunset on Mars as seen by Pathfinder
Planteary Atmosphe
Review for Test 2
Small Angle Equation:
Angular size of an object of diameter d at a distance D is given by
= 2.06 x 105 d / D arcsec
(valid for small angles-numerator is much smaller than denominator)
Mechanics and Gravity
Newtons laws of motion
F=ma
Solar Neutrinos
The Sun as imaged in neutrinos!
Solar neutrino problem:
Experiment in the Homestake mine in South Dakota by Ray Davis.
Searches for solar neutrinos kept finding fewer neutrinos than expected (by factors of 2 to
3).
Major controversy about
Review for Test 1
Y o u c a n b r i n g 1 i n d e x c a r d w i th fo r m u l a e
( o n l y fo r m u l a e )
B r i n g a s c i e n ti fi c c a l c u l a to r
A b o u t 1 /3 q u a n ti ta ti v e , 2 /3 q u a l i ta ti v e
S h o w a s m u c h w o rk a s p o
ANNOUNCEMENT
OFFICE HOURS IN PSC 007C STARTING THURS. JAN. 14
(This week: Thurs. 1-3 pm
Following weeks: Tues. 2-4 pm, Thurs. 1-3 pm)
Chapter 1
What is Science?
What is Science?
from the Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge"
any systematic knowledge-base or
Motions of Planets and
Gravity (Chapters 3, 4)
Geocentric View Aristotle and ~2,000
yrs after him!
Orbits of planets were thought to be
circular
If this were true, how would the
brightness of planets appear-would it
stay constant or would it vary with tim
W aves
W a te r w a v e s Sound w a ves W a v e s i n a s t rin g T ra n s m i s s i o n o f e n e rg y f ro m 1 p o i n t t o a n o t h e r, w i t h o u t m o t i o n o f t h e m a t e ria l
Wave Properties
What are some possible units for wavelength ()
Reflecting Mirror
Refraction by a Prism
Refraction by a Lens
Reflectors & Refractors
Largest Refracting Telescope, at Yerkes
Mauna Kea Observatory
Why build BIG telescopes?
1)Largerareatocollectmore light
Areaofprimarymirror= D2/4 Example1:
A1hr.exposur
Chapter 8 Jovian Planet Systems
What are jovian planets made of?
Jovian Planet Composition
J u p ite r a n d S a tu r n
Mostly H and He gas
U r a n u s a n d N e p tu n e
Mostly hydrogen compounds: water (H2O), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) Some H, He,
Chapter 9 Asteroids, Comets, and Dwarf Planets
Why is there an asteroid belt?
Asteroid Facts
Asteroids are rocky leftovers of planet formation. The largest is Ceres, diameter ~1,000 km. There are 150,000 in catalogs, and probably over a million with diam
The Sun: Our star
Nearest star Only star whose structure can be seen in detail! R ~ 700,000 km = 109 Re M= 1.99 x 1030 kg = 332,000 Me = 99.9% Msolarsystem Mean density = M/ (4 R3/3) = 1410 kg m-3 Lighter than the Earth! Standard unit for measuring prope
Stars and their Evolution Stars
Stars are the major luminous part of galaxies Many of them are more luminous than the Sun. Then why dont they appear as bright? Why is it difficult to see them in detail?
Stars and their Evolution Stars
Stars are the major
Astronomy
S tu d y o f th e U n i v e r s e T h e o l d e s t s c i e n c e , a n d s ti l l o n e o f th e m o s t a c ti v e s c i e n c e s W h y i s A s tr o n o m y a S c i e n c e ? T h e S c i e n ti fi c M e th o d O b s e r v a ti o n s v s . T
Review for Test 1
You can bring 1 index card with formulae (only formulae) Bring a scientific calculator About 1/3 quantitative, 2/3 qualitative Show as much work as possible (partial credit)
General Comments:
Tips on getting the most out of your formula
Ch. 2 Celestial Navigation
Imagine you leave on an ocean
voyage from a harbor, but get
lost in the middle of the ocean.
You dont have a compass or
GPS.
How would you find your way
using the night sky?
Polaris
?
?
?
Polaris
NW
N
NE
But how do you find Pola
Chapter 5 Light
R a d ia tio n :
Light, Radio, Infra-red,
Ultraviolet, X-rays,
Gamma rays
Electromagnetic
Radiation
Waves of energy
transmitted across
space
What is a wave?
W aves
W a te r w a v e s
Sound w a ves
W a v e s i n a s t rin g
T ra n s
Ch. 10 The Sun: Our star
Nearest star
Only star whose structure can be seen in detail!
R ~ 700,000 km = 109 Re
M = 1.99 x 1030 kg = 332,000 Me = 99.9% Msolarsystem
Mean density = M/ (4 R3/3) = 1.41 g/cc
Lighter than the Earth!
Standard unit for mea
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