Motor Systems II
Descending Pathways between Cortex and spinal cord (fig 14.2) -Lateral and ventromedial (2 groups) -All pass through white matter of spinal cord I. Lateral Pathways . fig 14.3 -Appendage movement -direct connection from motor cortex
Synaptic Transmission: Effects of Neurotransmitter Release at Chemical Synapses
1) Flow of current at a synapse
a) At an electrical synapse
a.i) Current flows directly from one cell into the next
(a.i.1)
Ions flow directly through pores in connexons
b) At
Lecture Notes 6:
Neurotoxins and their Ion Channel Targets Sensory and Motor System Adaptations that Mediate
:
Predator-Prey Interactions
1) Traits that mediate predator- prey interactions
a) Rely on fast, specialized sensory inputs and motor responses
a.
Synaptic Transmission: How Action Potential Leads to NT Release
Introduction to Neurotransmitters:
1) Actions of NTs dont fall into clear categories
a) Neurobiologists used to think that different NTs had different functions
a.i) NOT TRUE
(a.i.1)
Effect o
Lecture 1:
Introduction to Neurobiology
-Keep in mind: a Nervous System is NOT required for movement
1) Cellular Composition of the Nervous System
a) 2 Opposing Views Have Been Advanced on Relationship between Brain &
Behavior
a.i) Our current views about
Lecture 9:
Motor Systems and the Spinal Cord
Become familiar with the anatomy of the motor system & the functions of major structures
within it:
Vertebrate Motor Systems
a) Organized around behaviors, from simple to complex
a.i) Sensory feedback at every
SomatosensorySystemandMotorCortices
Lecture11
1) IntroductiontoSensorySystems
a) The Somatosensory System:
a.i) Has many responsibilities.
Beyond the obvious need to bring to consciousness the events that occur
along the skin surface, this system provides
Lecture 5:
Membrane Potential & Action Potential
1) The Membrane Potential (P 2-4)
a) The membrane potential is the electrical potential across the cell membrane.
a.i) Put another way:
(a.i.1)
The inside of neuron is negatively charged relative to extrace
Lecture 4:
Ion Channels and Pumps
1) The nervous system runs on movement of ions (Slide 2)
a.i) Specific concentrations of ions must be maintained in the intraand extracellular spaces
(a.i.1)
Concentrations are maintained by ion transporters
(a.i.2)
Move
Lecture 2:
Structure of the Nervous System
1) Basic Plan of the Nervous System
a) Main theme of this chapter is the basic structure-function organization of the nervous
system:
a.i) What are the parts and how are they interconnected into functional system
Transmission Systems
Communication -Point to point -discrete targets -All have wide ranging effects *Hypothalamic -hormone secretion goes through blood *Autonomic Nervous System -interneurons magnify the effect *Diffuse Modulatory System -Diffuse tar
Lecture 8 Development of the nervous system (Growing a brain) Learn major body axes: Dorsal/Ventral, Anterior/Posterior, Medial/Lateral 2 types of nerve projections Ipsilateral- stay on the same side of brain's midline Contralateral- crosses the midl
10/13/05 The Central Visual System
Fig. 10.4 -Retinal fugal- comes from retina to go somewhere else. toward visual cortex -Optic nerve (actually a tract)- convergence of axons from photoreceptor -Optic chiasm- partial decussation. half of the axons p
Motivated Behaviors
Best understood behaviors are those that maintain homeostasis Hypothalamus Hypothalamic response to homeostatic challenge -Humoral response- secretion of hormones -viceromotor response- changes in ANS -sympathetic system increases
Motor Systems I: Spinal Control
Skeletal muscles or striated muscles (fig13.1) -Voluntary control -Work as synergists or as antagonists -Synergists: group of muscles that work together in motion (ex. Triceps) -Antagonists: group of muscles that work
10/18/05 Chemical Senses
Oldest evolved senses, tied to emotional areas of the brain Chemosensory systems -3 billion year old chemical senses -Gustatory (taste) -Olfactory (smell) both detect chemicals evolved from origins in water
Gustatory
Tongue
Auditory Systems
The detection of sound Sound waves (fig11.1) -Compressed air: it becomes more dense -Rarefied air: it becomes less dense Measured in frequency (Hz) and intensity fig 11.2 -Frequency = pitch: distance of period -Intensity = volume dis
10/4/05 Somatosensory System I
All sensory input from the body to the brain, not including traditional senses (vision, taste, smell) Somatic sensation is a distributed sense- receptors are spread throughout the body (instead of being concentrated in
10/11/05 The Eye
Visual Processing Properties of light (fig 9.1, 9.2) -waves. visual spectrum is (higher energy) 400-700 (lower energy). blue-red -light waves = a ray Reflection and Absorption -Reflections light rays bounce off object (mirror) when s
Lecture 3
1) Cells of the Nervous System
a) The functions of the mind are what distinguish us most as humans,
and mental processes are tightly coupled to operations of the brain.
b) We understand quite a bit about how the brain analyzes sensory
inputs and
