Polyiodides are ionic compounds so they are made up of positive
and negative ions in a regular crystalline lattice. This diagram shows
the arrangement of ions within a crystal of tetramethylammonium
triiodide. Even a tiny crystal may contain perhaps 10 to
IDENTIFYING CHEMICALS
THE PROCESS OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
(REF: Chapter 2)
Qualitative analytical techniques identify substances by their:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
or CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Eg -colour Eg Reactions that the
-M.P. or B.P.
substance undergoes
-solub
FLAME TESTS
Ref: p78 to 80
Some metals produce particular colours when
heated
Eg Sodium produces a Yellow Flame.
Copper produces a Green Flame.
Calcium produces a Red Flame.
a metallic element in a compound can be
identified. The compound is inserted into
MASS SPECTROMETRY
Ref: p111
MASS SPECTROMETRY (MS)
One analytical technique that can be used to:
-Identify a particular substances present in a
sample
or
-determine the structure of a newly
discovered substance.
Instrumentation
This Involves:
1. Bombardi
NMR NUCLEAR MAGNETIC
RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Ref: p97 to 105
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
(NMR) is one of most powerful techniques for
determining the structure of a wide range of
molecules.
Structural information (how the atoms are
connected)
SPECTROSCOPY
Ref: Chapter 7
Spectroscopy
-is the science of investigating molecules
through their absorption of characteristic
wavelengths of light.
Figure 7.1
The electromagnetic spectrum. Different types of spectroscopy
use radiation from different part
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Ref: p89 to 96
Infrared radiation is lower in energy & of a
longer wavelength than visible & ultraviolet
light.
The energy from infrared radiation is not
enough to promote electrons to a higher
energy level, but it is enough to cau
ANALYSIS BY MASS
Ref: Chapter 2
The % by mass of water enables the total
mass of solid material (total solids) in a
product to be determined. This may not be
a good indicator of quality.
Fillers are often added to give the
impression products are better
UNIT 3
CHEMICAL PATHWAYS
AREA OF STUDY 1
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
All objects consist of chemicals.
Plants and animals are made up of
chemical substances.
Chemicals are used in the production of
almost everything we consume.
QUA
Rules for answering NMR Questions.
Questions are usually 2 main types:
1.
Given spectrum and predict structure
2.
Given structure and predict the spectrum
Structures may be: Single structure or Isomeric structures
1. If Spectrum is provided and structure
1.
What splitting pattern in the 1H nmr spectrum would you expect for the
hydrogen atom(s) colored red in the compounds shown below?
(1)
(CH3)2CH-CH(CH3)2
(2)
CH3OCH2O(CH3)2
(3)
(CH3)3COCH2CH3
(4)
(CH3CH2O)2CHCH3
(5)
CH3COOCH2CH3
Your choices are: s singl
YEAR 12 CHEMISTRY 2014 UNIT 3
TASK SHEET ORGANIC CHEM PATHWAYS
Area of study 2: ORGANIC CHEMICAL PATHWAYS
Component
Becoming
familiar
In class
Becoming
familiar
At Home
Holiday HW
SAC
Preparation
Component
Becoming
familiar
In class
Task 1: Compounds of C
Nomenclature: the system for naming organic compounds
Chemists follow the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) way of systematically naming the enormous number of organic
compounds.
A branched chain alkane is named using the following
Instrumentation Notes
Name:
Schematic flowchart of Instrumentation:
There are 3 main areas that are studied.:
1. Spectroscopy
2. Spectrometry
3. Chromatography
INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES
SPECTROSCOPY
NMR
1
H
EXCITATION
C
EXCITATION
ND
UV/VIS
IR
AAS
Table 1: Principal IR Absorptions for Certain Functional Groups
Functional Group Names
&
Example compounds
Absorption Ranges(cm-1)
3000-2800
Alkanes:
H
H
(Note: The absorptions can be seen as several
distinct peaks in this region.)
H
C
Methane
H
Alkenes:
Methane
1 neighbourhood
4 equivalent hydrogens
1 resonance signal
no signal splitting
Ethane
central bond symmetry
2 neighbourhoods
6 equivalent hydrogens
1 resonance signal
no signal splitting
Propane
cental group symmetry
2 distinct neighbourhoods
2 typ
Answers
1.
2.
3.
m, s, t, q, q
no, yes, no, yes
4, 3, 4, 2, 1
4. To Identify the compounds X, Y, and Z.
First: determine the number of types of proton environments in each
given structure. This will provide an indication of the expected number of
signals,
STOICHIOMETRY
Ref: p19 & 20
The coefficients in an equation indicate the
relative numbers of particles that react and
are produced
Since particles can be counted in moles,
coefficients show the ratio of the amounts (in
mol) of reactants and products
Mo
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS:
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
INVOLVING REDOX REACTIONS
Ref: Chapter 5 p48 to 57
ALCOHOL & THE ROAD TOLL
ETHANOL CH3CH2OH
Contained in alcoholic drinks
Acts as a depressant, slowing the functioning of
the brain
Slows down a persons reactio
GAS LAWS
Ref: p14 & 15
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
PRESSURE
is measured in kilopascals (kPa)
101.325 kPa = 101325 Pa = 760 mmHg = 1 atm
1 hPa = 100 Pa
1 bar = 100 kPa
760
mmHg
x 760
x 101.325
Atm
kPa
101.325
VOLUME
is measured in Litres (L)
1000
mL = cm3
x 10
.3 x; ¢+<1C0~atiqfu d/F
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Yr12 Chemistry
CONQUERING BACK TITRATION PROBLEMS
Back titrations are used where a clear end point could not be obtained by a single
reaction volumetric analysis. Back titrations may involve acid/base or redox reactions.
All Back titrations have the follo
I. 27. Neutralisation indicators.-_-The object of titratieg, say, an
alkaline solution with a standard solution of an acidis the determination
of the amount of acid which is exactly equivalent chemically to the
amount of base present. The poiht at which t
VCE CHEMISTRY
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES & STANDARD FORM
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
In Chemistry significant figures are used to indicate the accuracy of measurements.
Eg
Using a burette to obtain 20.15ml of 0.5M HCl is a more accurate measurement than using a measurin
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A POLYIODIDE SALT: SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS
Aim:
-
To synthesise a polyiodide salt
To determine the chemical formula of the polyiodide using analytical methods.
Method: Refer to First Year Chemistry Laboratory Manual page 57-59
Res
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