Adaptation and
Natural Selection
Biol 150 Lecture 8
Last Class
The importance of data
Population vs. sample
Sources of error
Properties of samples
Types of data
Visualizing data
This Class
A lot of new vocabulary
How do spp adapt to
their environment?
How
ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY
Part III
Review
Ecosystems groups of communities and their abiotic
environment
If it were not for decomposers and detritivores, matter
transfer would be a one-way street (we need recyclers!)
Energy transfer is inefficient between trop
Chapter 12 Ecosystem Ecology pg 235-238 & 243-245
November 25, 2016
Positive and Negative Feedback
Ecosystems responding to global warming
Documenting Positive Feedback
Occurs when changed due to global warming result in a release of additional greenhou
Community Dynamics Changes Through Time
November 11, 2016
Ecological Succession
Ecological succession is the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a
disturbance
Primary succession occurs where no soil exists when succession begins
Secondary
Intro to Ecology and Evolution
Lecture 2
Monday September 12, 2016
Induction Reasoning
Used to formulate hypothesizes that go into deductive reasoning
Creating a hypothesis that is general then can later be falsifiable
Scientific
Use the model to build
Life History Part 2 9.6-9.10
Lecture 16
October 21, 2016
Reproductive effort
Resource allocation:
Limited energy, where do you direct it?
How much to growth, maintenance, defense, or reproduction?
o Reproductive effort
Cost to future reproductive succes
Quantitative Ecology Part 2
Lecture 12
September 28, 2016
Why illustrate data with graphs?
A table allows you to see exact
numbers
Graphs may obscure some
details, but draw your attention
to trends or comparisons
Poorly made graphs can LIE!
o Different
Speciation and Hybridization Lecture Notes
Lecture 10
September 25, 2016
Speciation
Speciation: the evolution of a new species
Most common: reduced gene flow between populations, causes genetic divergence as a
result of mutation, natural selection, and
23 - Community Ecology IV Changes in community structure in space and time
November 9, 2016
Communities have physical as well as biological structure
Ecologists often refer to communities by dominant growth form, abiotic characteristics,
or both
o E.g.,
11.0-11.15 Community Ecology
November 10, 2016
Succession Mechanisms: Multiple Processes Drive Successional Change
Theories that drive succession
Monoclimax hypothesis succession is the progressive development of a highly integrated superorganism,
the co
The Terrestrial Environment
Lecture 5
September 15, 2016
Types of Terrestrial Ecosystems
Biomes are major groupings of plants and animal communities defined by a dominate vegetation
type; all are associated with a different set of abiotic conditions.
Depe
ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY
Part II
Review
Ecosystems: communities interacting with each other
and with the abiotic environment
Governed by physical laws and feedbacks
Thought to be in states of homeorhesis rather than
homeostasis
Resistance and resilience vary
ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY PART I
Ecosystems. Yahoo.
Ecosystems multiple
communities, and their
chemical and physical
environments
E.g., Lake ecosystem
Nearshore community
Offshore community
Benthic community
Pelagic community
Primary components of ecosystem
Hardy-Weinberg
Equilibrium & Exceptions
Biol 150
Lecture 10
Last Class
Evidence for evolution
Natural selection
Variation in heritable traits
Variation results in differences
in fitness
Genes, alleles, genotypes
and phenotypes
Directional selection
Stabil
Speciation and
Hybridization
Biol 150
Lecture 11
Chapter 7
Last Class
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
principle: a null model
Exceptions, i.e., factors that
influence genetic variation in
populations
Punnet squares and allele
frequencies
Differences in allele
Behavioral Ecology
Biology 150
Lecture 12
Chapter 8 (8.1-8.3)
This Class
Behavioural Ecology
What is behavior?
What is behavioral ecology?
Types of behavior
Reflex
Instinct
Condition dependent
Learned
Questions asked in
Behavioral Ecology:
How do I optimi
Behavioral Ecology
(Part 2 of 2)
Biology 150
Lecture 13
Chapter 8
Last Class
What is behavior?
2 Axes of behavior
Fixed vs. condition dependent (flexible)
Inherited (innate) vs. learned
Behavioral answers to important questions
What should I eat?
When sho
Life History
Biology 150
Lecture 14
Chapter 9
What is a life history?
Lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction
Life history theory predicts how natural selection should
shape the way organisms parcel their resources into
producing offspri
Midterm Review
BIOL 150
Midterm Exam (35%)
Covers:
Lectures 1-14
Planet Earth Video (Lecture 4)
Chapters 1-9
45 questions (1 mark each)
39 Multiple Choice
6 True / False
Date, Time
Completed in class (50 min) in DC 1351, as always
You must write
Community Ecology! (WOO!)
Community Ecology
A biological
community is an
assemblage of
populations of various
species living close
enough for potential
interaction
E.g., different species of
fish and invertebrates
living in a lake
E.g., birds, squirrel
Community Ecology II
Last Lecture
Species interact with each other = community
Asymmetric compe44on leads to compe44ve
exclusion, resource par44oning, character
displacement, and realized niches
Species/species interac4ons inc
Community Ecology III
Last lecture
Spp-spp interactions: parasitism (+/-),
mutualism (obligate or facultative) (+/+),
commensalism (+/o), facilitation (+/+) or (+/o),
allelopathy
Community Structure
1. Species diversity (richness and evenness
Shannon
Introduction to Ecology
10/21/2015
Ecology: the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment
Environment of organism: consists of all external factors that influence its survival, growth, reproduction
ecosystem: the biotic
Chapter 10 Population Ecology 10.2
Lecture 15
October 26, 2016
10,2 Population Growth
The 4 processes that affect pop size recall are: births and immigration add individuals to pop; deaths and
emigration remove them. Overall growth rate is a function of
Island Biography Diversity
November 14, 2016
Island Biogeography
Species richness on an island depends on immigration
and extinction rates
o Immigration from mainland: mainland richness =
maximum richness on island
o Extinction: assume equal chance for e
Chapter 11 Community Ecology pg 165-172
Lecture 17
October 31, 2016
Can Parasites Manipulate Their Hosts?
Have to invade tissues to survive and grow while evading defensive responses by their host
Tree dwelling ants lay eggs in the ants posterior most b
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Lecture 6
September 21, 2016
Biomes
Defined by.
Biome is plants and animals and habitat such as climate also
Distinctive abiotic conditions
o Temperature affects enzyme activity (climate)
o Moisture related to temperature and preci
Chapter 10 Population Ecology 10.1
Lecture 14
Monday October 24, 2016
Population ecology is the study of how and why the number of individuals in a population changes over time.
10.1 Demography
Populations grow due to births- here, meaning any form of re
The Aquatic Environment
Text Book Summary
Monday September 12, 2016
Nutrient Availability
In freshwater and salt water, three key physical factors affect the distribution and
abundance of organisms: nutrient availability, water depth and water moment.
I
Quantitative Ecology: An Intro to Data Analysis
Lecture 8
September 26, 2016
Why is Data Analysis so Central to Ecology?
Many jobs require environmental decision making
o Least polluting option
o Maximum sustainable yield
o Safety of new technology
o Pol
