Speech Development Notes
The poverty of the stimulus
o Chomsky
Adult speech - the language that children hear (the stimulus)is poorfull
of false starts, fragments, and ungrammaticalitythat children couldnt
fully learn language from it; not a good stimulu
Comprehension vs Production Notes
Comprehension vs production
o Children have trouble controlling the articulators
o Have difficulty retrieving the meaning of a word from memory
Fricative
o A category of sound which is more difficult to produce than other
Screen Media Notes
American Academy of Pediatrics
o Children under 2 learn best when interacting w ppl, not TV
Zombie theory
o Idea that children are not processing content and TV is harming their brains
Sesame Street study (normal, random, Greek, backwar
Modular Theory Notes
WS spontaneous gene deletion
o
o
Genetic but not inherited
o
25 genes deleted on chromosome 7
Heart abnormality if you dont correct it, they die pretty early
Our minds are modular
o
o
Language is an independent mental module
o
Differe
Critical Periods Notes
Critical periods are a developmental phenomenon
Sensitive period
o Carries the idea of an extended period during which receptivity to experience
peaks and then very gradually declines
Homo ferus
o Walked on all fours
o Hairy
o Witho
MIDTERM REVIEW
Vowels and consonants
o We can change vowel quality by changing configuration by a few articulators
Jaw height
Tongue placement
When making vowel sound, is it voiced or voiceless? Voiced bc of
vibration
o Consonants
Manner
Stop sounds
Linguistic Notes
Whorfian hypothesis (linguistic determinism)
o Language shapes thought
Nahavo
o Verb form you must use to ask someone to hand you something depends on
shape of object you are asking for
Hopi
o Verb forms do not distinguish among the past,
Gesture & Vocab Notes
Joint attention
o
Positively correlated with language development
Gesture and vocab learning
o
Child is pointing at different objects,
o
1) caregiver provides label
2) caregiver does not provide label
Providing label correlated with
Sapir-whorf Hypothesis
Edward Sapir
Benjamin Lee Whorf
o
Languages of the Native Southwest
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
o
Relationship between language and nonlinguistic cognition
o
Strong (linguistic determinism)
o
Language limits and determines non-linguistic
Speech Sound Notes
speech sounds
o
acoustic signals languages use to express meaning
o
aspiration is not a distinctive feature in English, but it is in thai
o
phones
o
phonemes
o
different sounds a language uses
the meaningfully different sounds in a give
Teachers as Caregivers Notes
Why are caregiver and child language measures correlated?
o
Hypothesis 1: caregiver language child language
o
Hypothesis 2: child language caregiver language
o
level of child language causes caregiver to talk a certain way
Hyp
Voicing Notes
tuning in process
o Need to discriminate individual speech sounds (phonemes) and info about how
phonemes combine w another into words
Segmentation problems
o Where are the phonemes and where are the words?
Coarticulation
o The effects of the
Brain Function Notes
Functional architecture
o
Neurolinguistics
o
How the brain is organized to do what the brain does
Study of the relation of the brain to language functioning
Cortex
o
Controls reasoning, planning
o
Subcortical structure
Control eating
Stress-Based Segmentation Lecture
Midterm 1 review
o
40 questions
o
Look for overlap from reading and lectures
o
Survey on TED
Infants pay attention to statistical cues
Stress-based segmentation
o
Typical stress pattern for English nouns is STRONG-weak
o
Symbolic Notes
Symbols
o Prime example of abstract object
Productivity puzzle
o Issue of contention: children begin to make generalizations
o Children show productivity at 24 months
Verb transivity
o Children capable of abstraction from the beginning
Ove
MIDTERM 2 REVIEW
Morphology: word-level patterns; bits of meanings encoded in the grammar, like
the plural ending s in dogs
o
o
Plural (-s)
o
Irregular plural form: foot
o
Possessive (-s): daddys car
o
Progressive (-ing)
o
Morphology suffers when language
Universal Grammar Notes
Universal Grammar
o Abstract knowledge of language is genetically encoded
o Kids are not learning language from input
o Parameters
Head Parameter
Head first
o E.g. English: VO
o The dog bit the cat
Head last
o E.g OV
o Japanese:
Neuropsychological Notes
Increased gyrification (wrinkles in the cerebral cortex) as evolution developed
Early neuropsychology
o Leborgne (Tan)
Brocas aphasia
Damage in the left frontal lesion
Right hemisphere is more involved than the left hemisphere i
Overgeneralizations and Constraints
Overgeneralizations and constraints
o When youve learned an exception, youve learned a grammatical constraint
Some kids make grammatical errors up to 12 years old
The no negative evidence problem
o Give kids evidence th
Sucking/Perceptual Reorganizatio
Suck, suck, suck, pause.
o Pause known as interburst interval
Study: French infants suck harder when they hear their native language than unfamiliar
language (Russian)
Infants suck faster to the book they were familiar wit
