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Origin of Mineral Resources
Mineral deposits can be classified on the basis of the mechanism
responsible for concentrating the valuable substance.
Magmatic Ore Deposits - substances are concentrated within a body of
igneous rock by m
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Mineral Resources
Almost all Earth materials are used by humans for something. We require
metals for making machines, sands and gravels for making roads and
buildings, sand for making computer chips, limestone and gypsum for
making c
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Effects of Global Warming
Global Precipitation changes - A warmer atmosphere will lead to increased
evaporation from surface waters and result in higher amounts of
precipitation. The equatorial regions will be wetter than present, wh
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Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
The Carbon Cycle
We must look at how carbon moves through the environment. Carbon is
stored in four main reservoirs.
In the atmosphere as CO2 gas. From here it exchanges with seawater or
water in the
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Aquifers
An aquifer is a large body of permeable material where groundwater is
present and fills all pore space. Good aquifers are those with high
permeability such as poorly cemented sands, gravels, or highly fractured
rock. An aqui
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Geologic Time
In order to understand how scientists deal with time we first need to
understand the concepts of relative age and numeric age.
Relative age - Relative means that we can determine if something is
younger than or older th
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Principle of Superposition
Because of Earth's gravity, deposition of sediment will occur depositing
older layers first followed by successively younger layers. Thus, in a
sequence of layers that have not been overturned by a later de
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Stratigraphic Formations and Their Correlation
A Formation is a a rock or group of rocks that differ from rocks that occur
above or below and have distinctive characteristics and fossils such that the
rocks can be recognized over wid
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Streams
A stream is a body of water that carries rock particles and dissolved ions and
flows down slope along a clearly defined path, called a channel. Thus,
streams may vary in width from a few centimeters to several tens of
kilomet
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Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
Definition of Metamorphism
The word "Metamorphism" comes from the Greek: Meta = change, Morph
= form, so metamorphism means to change form. In geology this refers to
the changes in mineral assemblag
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Protolith Composition
Although textures and structures of the protolith are usually destroyed by
metamorphism, we can still get an idea about the original rock from the
minerals present in the metamorphic rock.
Minerals that form, do
