Types of Thinking
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to:- Understand that there are different types of thinking.
- Identify how each type of thinking contributes to learning.
So what are the various types of thinking skills, and what kind things are we doing when we apply them? In the 1950s, Benjamin Bloom developed a classification of thinking skills that is still helpful today; it is known as Bloom’s taxonomy. He lists six types of thinking skills, ranked in order of complexity: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Figure 3.2 "Types of Thinking Skills" outlines each skill and what is involved in that type of thinking, as updated by Lorin Anderson and David Krothwohl.[2]
Figure 3.2 Types of Thinking SkillsExercise: Thought Inventory
Think about Figure 3.2 "Types of Thinking Skills". Are you using all six thinking skills? Reflect on your schoolwork in the past three weeks and identify specific examples where you used each of the thinking skills. Use the comment column to write notes about the skills that are second nature to you and those you would like to develop further.| Skill Set | How You Used It in the Past Three Weeks | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Remembering and Recalling | ||
| Understanding | ||
| Applying | ||
| Analyzing | ||
| Evaluating | ||
| Creating |
Table 3.1 Thinking Verbs
| Skill Set | Verbs |
|---|---|
| 1. Remembering and Recalling | Bookmark, count, describe, draw, enumerate, find, google, identify, label, list, match, name, quote, recall, recite, search, select, sequence, tell, write |
| 2. Understanding | Blog, conclude, describe, discuss, explain, generalize, identify, illustrate, interpret, paraphrase, predict, report, restate, review, summarize, tell, tweet |
| 3. Applying | Apply, articulate, change, chart, choose, collect, compute, control, demonstrate, determine, do, download, dramatize, imitate, implement, interview, install (as in software), participate, prepare, produce, provide, report, role-play, run (software), select, share, show, solve, transfer, use |
| 4. Analyzing | Analyze, break down, characterize, classify, compare, contrast, debate, deduce, diagram, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, examine, infer, link, outline, relate, research, reverse-engineer, separate, subdivide, tag |
| 5. Evaluating | Appraise, argue, assess, beta test, choose, collaborate, compare, contrast, conclude, critique, criticize, decide, defend, “friend/de-friend,” evaluate, judge, justify, network, post, predict, prioritize, prove, rank, rate, review, select, support |
| 6. Creating | Adapt, animate, blog, combine, compose, construct, create, design, develop, devise, film, formulate, integrate, invent, make, model, modify, organize, perform, plan, podcast, produce, program, propose, rearrange, remix, revise, rewrite, structure |
In this chapter, we will focus on critical thinking (evaluating) and creative thinking. They deserve specific focus because they are likely to be the skills you have least practice with. These are the skills most helpful for success in college and in “real life.” Creative thinking will help you come up with possible solutions for problems and new ideas. Critical thinking will help you decide which of those ideas have most merit and deserve to be implemented.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
- We use different types of thinking skills to address different requirements, and these skills are classified in Bloom’s taxonomy.
- You have been using many thinking skills since childhood.
- Two very important thinking skills you will need to develop for success in college and in life are critical (or evaluative) thinking and creative thinking.
EXERCISES
- List three verbs that are associated with application skills.
- What is another name for “evaluation” thinking skills?
- What thinking skills are associated with each of the following?
- Compose and design:
- Tweet and describe:
- Break down and discriminate:
- Rank and beta test:
- Enumerate and google:
- . W. Anderson and David R. Krathwohl, eds., A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 2001). ↵
- . W. Anderson and David R. Krathwohl, eds., A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 2001). ↵
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