# Use compound interest formulas

Savings instruments in which earnings are continually reinvested, such as mutual funds and retirement accounts, use compound interest. The term compounding refers to interest earned not only on the original value, but on the accumulated value of the account.

The annual percentage rate (APR) of an account, also called the nominal rate, is the yearly interest rate earned by an investment account. The term nominal is used when the compounding occurs a number of times other than once per year. In fact, when interest is compounded more than once a year, the effective interest rate ends up being greater than the nominal rate! This is a powerful tool for investing.

We can calculate the compound interest using the compound interest formula, which is an exponential function of the variables time t, principal P, APR r, and number of compounding periods in a year n:

$A\left(t\right)=P{\left(1+\frac{r}{n}\right)}^{nt}\\$

For example, observe the table below, which shows the result of investing $1,000 at 10% for one year. Notice how the value of the account increases as the compounding frequency increases. Frequency Value after 1 year Annually$1100
Semiannually $1102.50 Quarterly$1103.81
Monthly $1104.71 Daily$1105.16

### A General Note: The Compound Interest Formula

Compound interest can be calculated using the formula

$A\left(t\right)=P{\left(1+\frac{r}{n}\right)}^{nt}\\$

where

• A(t) is the account value,
• t is measured in years,
• P is the starting amount of the account, often called the principal, or more generally present value,
• r is the annual percentage rate (APR) expressed as a decimal, and
• n is the number of compounding periods in one year.

If we invest $3,000 in an investment account paying 3% interest compounded quarterly, how much will the account be worth in 10 years? ### Solution Because we are starting with$3,000, = 3000. Our interest rate is 3%, so r = 0.03. Because we are compounding quarterly, we are compounding 4 times per year, so = 4. We want to know the value of the account in 10 years, so we are looking for A(10), the value when t = 10.

$\begin{cases}A\left(t\right)\qquad & =P\left(1+\frac{r}{n}\right)^{nt}\qquad & \text{Use the compound interest formula}. \\ A\left(10\right)\qquad & =3000\left(1+\frac{0.03}{4}\right)^{4\cdot 10}\qquad & \text{Substitute using given values}. \\ \text{ }\qquad & \approx 4045.05\qquad & \text{Round to two decimal places}.\end{cases}\\$

Solution

A 529 Plan is a college-savings plan that allows relatives to invest money to pay for a child’s future college tuition; the account grows tax-free. Lily wants to set up a 529 account for her new granddaughter and wants the account to grow to $40,000 over 18 years. She believes the account will earn 6% compounded semi-annually (twice a year). To the nearest dollar, how much will Lily need to invest in the account now? ### Solution The nominal interest rate is 6%, so = 0.06. Interest is compounded twice a year, so = 2. We want to find the initial investment, P, needed so that the value of the account will be worth$40,000 in 18 years. Substitute the given values into the compound interest formula, and solve for P.

$\begin{cases}A\left(t\right)\qquad & =P{\left(1+\frac{r}{n}\right)}^{nt}\qquad & \text{Use the compound interest formula}.\qquad \\ 40,000\qquad & =P{\left(1+\frac{0.06}{2}\right)}^{2\left(18\right)}\qquad & \text{Substitute using given values }A\text{, }r, n\text{, and }t.\qquad \\ 40,000\qquad & =P{\left(1.03\right)}^{36}\qquad & \text{Simplify}.\qquad \\ \frac{40,000}{{\left(1.03\right)}^{36}}\qquad & =P\qquad & \text{Isolate }P.\qquad \\ P\qquad & \approx 13,801\qquad & \text{Divide and round to the nearest dollar}.\qquad \end{cases}\\$

Lily will need to invest $13,801 to have$40,000 in 18 years.

### Try It 8

Refer to Example 8. To the nearest dollar, how much would Lily need to invest if the account is compounded quarterly?

Solution