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CONTENTS UN I T 1 The Development of Nursing
CHAPTER 2 T
he Contemporary Image of Professional Nursing, 21 CHAPTER 3 T
he Influence of Contemporary Trends and Issues on Nursing Education, 34 CHAPTER 4 N
ursing Licensure and Certification, 62 CHAPTER 5 T
heories of Nursing Practice, 74 CHAPTER 2 T
he Evolution of Professional Nursing, 1 CHAPTER UN I T 1 6 N
ursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice, 87 Current Issues in Health Care
CHAPTER 8 L
egal Issues in Nursing and Health Care, 120 CHAPTER 9 E
thical and Bioethical Issues in Nursing and Health Care, 166 CHAPTER 10 C
ultural Competency and Social Issues in Nursing and Health Care, 183 CHAPTER 11 C
omplementary and Alternative Healing, 204 CHAPTER 12 W
orkforce Advocacy and the Nursing Shortage, 221 CHAPTER 13 C
ollective Bargaining and Unions in Today’s Workplace, 243 CHAPTER 14 I
nformation Technology in the Clinical Setting, 253 CHAPTER 3 P
aying for Health Care in America: Rising Costs and Challenges, 105 CHAPTER UN I T 7 15 E
mergency Preparedness and Response for Today’s World, 270 L
eadership and Management in Nursing
CHAPTER Budgeting Basics for Nurses, 309 18 E
ffective Communication and Conflict Resolution, 322 CHAPTER 19 E
ffective Delegation and Supervision, 346 CHAPTER 20 S
taffing and Nursing Care Delivery Models, 360 CHAPTER 21 Q
uality Improvement and Patient Safety, 374 CHAPTER 22 Q
uality and Safety in Nursing Education: The QSEN Project, 393 CHAPTER 4 N
ursing Leadership and Management, 285 17 CHAPTER UN I T 16 CHAPTER 23 H
ealth Policy and Politics: Get Involved!, 405 Career Management
CHAPTER M
aking the Transition from Student to Professional Nurse, 423 25 M
anaging Time: The Path to High Self-Performance, 444 CHAPTER 26 C
ontemporary Nursing Roles and Career Opportunities, 461 CHAPTER 27 J
ob Search: Finding Your Match, 480 CHAPTER Index, 509 24 CHAPTER 28 The NCLEX-RN® Examination, 497 Contemporary
Nursing
Issues, Trends, & Management 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com ACTIVATE THE COMPLETE LEARNING EXPERIENCE THAT
COMES WITH YOUR BOOK BY REGISTERING AT http://evolve.elsevier.com/Cherry/
Once you register, you will have access to your
FREE STUDY TOOLS: • tudent Learning Activities
S
Interactive activities such as matching, short answer, fill-in-the-blank, online, and other activities designed to
engage you and reinforce learning • esumé Builder
R
Includes sample resumés, cover letters, and templates to help guide you as you prepare for your career • lossary
G
Key terms and definitions taken from the textbook • ppendixes
A
Additional resources such as a list of nursing organizations, state boards of nursing, state nursing associations,
and Canadian nursing associations REGISTER TODAY!
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com Contemporary
Nursing
Issues, Trends, & Management Sixth Edition Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC
Professor and Department Chair for Leadership Studies
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
School of Nursing
Lubbock, Texas Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN
Professor Emeritus
The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
College of Nursing
Memphis, Tennessee 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com 3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043 CONTEMPORARY NURSING: ISSUES, TRENDS,
AND MANAGEMENT, ed 6
ISBN: 978-0-323-10109-7
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as
the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
P
ublisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check
the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of
each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and
duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying
on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages
and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Contemporary nursing: issues, trends, & management/[edited by] Barbara Cherry, Susan R. Jacob.
-- Ed. 6.
p.; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-323-10109-7 (pbk.: alk. paper)
I. Cherry, Barbara, MSN. II. Jacob, Susan R.
[DNLM: 1. Nursing--United States. 2. Nursing Care--United States. WY 100 AA1]
610.73--dc23 2012037205
Senior Content Strategist: Yvonne Alexopoulos
Associate Content Development Specialist: Emily Vaughters
Publishing Services Manager: Jeff Patterson
Project Manager: Jeanne Genz
Design Direction: Amy Buxton
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com To all the student nurses whose curiosity and enthusiasm for nursing
will provide strong leadership for the profession far into the future
and to all practicing nurses who face serious challenges but reap
great rewards for providing high-quality patient care 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com Being a Nurse Means . . .
You will never be bored,
You will always be frustrated,
You will be surrounded by challenges,
So much to do and so little time.
You will carry immense responsibility
And very little authority.
You will step into people’s lives,
And you will make a difference.
Some will bless you.
Some will curse you.
You will see people at their worst,
And at their best.
You will never cease to be amazed at people’s capacity
For love, courage, and endurance.
You will see life begin
and end.
You will experience resounding triumphs
And devastating failures.
You will cry a lot.
You will laugh a lot.
You will know what it is to be human
And to be humane. Melodie Chenevert, RN 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com CONTRIBUTORS
L. Antoinette (Toni) Bargagliotti, DNSc, RN, ANEF, FAAN
Professor
Loewenberg School of Nursing
The University of Memphis
Memphis, Tennessee Marylane Wade Koch, MSN, RN
Adjunct Faculty
Loewenberg School of Nursing
The University of Memphis
Memphis, Tennessee Virginia Trotter Betts, MSN, JD, RN, FAAN
Professor
The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
College of Nursing
Memphis, Tennessee Robert W. Koch, DNS, RN
Associate Professor
Loewenberg School of Nursing
The University of Memphis
Memphis, Tennessee Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC
Professor and Department Chair for Leadership Studies
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
School of Nursing
Lubbock, Texas Laura R. Mahlmeister, PhD, MSN, RN
Clinical Professor of Nursing
University of California, San Francisco
President
Mahlmeister & Associates
Belmont, California Genevieve J. Conlin, DNP, MS/MBA, MEd, RN, NEA-BC
Director of Nursing
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Charlotte Eliopoulos, PhD, RN, MPH, ND
Executive Director
American Association for Long Term Care Nursing
Glen Arm, Maryland
Debra Dawson Hatmaker, PhD, RN-BC, SANE-A
Chief Programs Officer
Georgia Nurses Association
Bishop, Georgia
Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN
Professor Emeritus
The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
College of Nursing;
Education Consultant
Faith Community Nursing
Church Health Center
Memphis, Tennessee Rosemary A. McLaughlin, PhD, MSN, RN-NIC
Associate Professor
School of Nursing
Union University
Jackson, Tennessee
Linda D. Norman, DSN, RN, FAAN
Senior Associate Dean for Academics
School of Nursing
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee
Tommie L. Norris, DNS, RN
Director, Associate Professor
Clinical Nurse Leader Program
The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
College of Nursing
Memphis, Tennessee vii
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com viii CONTRIBUTORS Patricia Reid Ponte, DNSc, RN, FAAN, NEA-BC
Senior Vice President for Patient Care Services
Chief of Nursing
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Executive Director, Oncology Nursing & Clinical
Services
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Anna Marie Sallee, PhD, MSN, RN
Adjunct Faculty, Alvin Community College
Alvin, Texas;
Staff Nurse and Educator, Houston Hospice
Houston, Texas
Carla D. Sanderson, PhD, MSN, BSN
Provost and Executive Vice President
Union University
Jackson, Tennessee
Gwen D. Sherwood, PhD, RN, FAAN
Professor and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs
School of Nursing
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Margaret Elizabeth Strong, MSN, RN, NE-BC
Assistant Professor
Division of Nursing
Baptist College of Health Sciences
Memphis, Tennessee Jill J. Webb, PhD, RN, CS
Assistant Director of the Honors Community
Professor
School of Nursing
Union University
Jackson, Tennessee
Elizabeth E. Weiner, PhD, RN-BC, FACMI, FAAN
Senior Associate Dean for Informatics
Centennial Independence Foundation Professor of
Nursing
Professor of Biomedical Informatics
School of Nursing
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee
Kathleen Werner, MS, BSN, RN
Director
Performance Improvement
Meriter Hospital
Madison, Wisconsin
Tami H. Wyatt, PhD, RN, CNE
Associate Professor
Chair, Educational Technology & Simulation
Co-Director, Health Information Technology &
Simulation Center
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
School of Nursing
Knoxville, Tennessee Dawn Marie Vanderhoef, PhD, DNP, RN, PMHNP/CS-BC
Clinical Assistant Professor
School of Nursing
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com REVIEWERS
Lucille C. Gambardella, PhD, APN-BC, CNE-ANEF
Chair and Professor
Wesley College
Dover, Delaware Gerry Walker, DHeD, MSN, RN
Park University
Parkville, Missouri Linda L. Johnson, DNP, RN, CCRN, GNP-BC
ADN Program Coordinator, Health Sciences
Hill College
Cleburne, Texas ix
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com PREFACE A t no other time in the history of modern nursing
have nurses been presented with such tremendous opportunities to improve health care and
advance the nursing profession. By understanding and
providing leadership to address the very serious issues
currently facing the U.S. health care system, nurses
can advance health care delivery to promote the health
and well-being of each individual in our society. These
important issues include patient safety and quality
care, health care reform and the uninsured population,
nursing workforce challenges, advancing technology,
changing legal and ethical concerns, evolving nursing
education trends, rising health care costs, and working
within a multicultural society. WHO WILL BENEFIT FROM THIS BOOK?
The sixth edition of Contemporary Nursing: Issues,
Trends, & Management is an excellent resource to help
nursing students and practicing nurses understand the
very complex issues facing today’s health care systems
and implement strategies from the direct patient care
level to the national legislative arena that can significantly improve patient care, the health care system, and
the nursing profession. ORGANIZATION
Unit 1: The Development of Nursing
The book opens with a presentation about the exciting
evolution of nursing, its very visible public image, and
its core foundations, which include nursing education,
licensure and certification, nursing theory, and nursing
research and evidence-based practice. These opening
chapters provide the reader with a solid background for
understanding and studying current and future trends. Unit 2: Current Issues in Health Care
This unit provides a comprehensive overview of the
most current trends and issues occurring today in nursing and health care, including health care financing and
economics, legal and ethical issues, cultural and social
issues, complementary and alternative healing, workplace issues and nursing workforce challenges, collective bargaining and unions, technology in the clinical setting, and emergency preparedness. Students, faculty, and veteran nurses will be challenged to critically
examine each of these significant issues that are shaping
the practice of professional nursing and the health care
delivery system. Unit 3: Leadership and Management
in Nursing
This unit offers a foundation of knowledge in nursing
leadership and management, with a focus on the basic
skills that are necessary for all nurses, regardless of the
setting or position in which they work, to function
effectively in the professional nursing role. Chapters
examine leadership and management theory and roles,
budgeting basics, effective communication, delegation and supervision, staffing and nursing care delivery
models, quality improvement and patient safety, quality and safety education in nursing, and health policy
and politics. The updated content in this unit provides
the most current information available related to nursing leadership and management and will serve as both a
valuable educational tool for students and a very useful
resource for practicing nurses. Unit 4: Career Management
The final unit prepares the student to embark on a
career in nursing. Making the transition from student
to professional, managing time, understanding career
opportunities, finding a good match between the nurse
and the employer, and passing the NCLEX-RN examination are all presented with practical, useful advice that
will serve as an excellent resource for both students and
novice nurses as they build their careers in professional
nursing. LEARNING AIDS
Each chapter in the sixth edition contains the same features that made the previous editions so successful:
• Real-life Vignettes and Questions to Consider at the
beginning of each chapter, which pique the reader’s
interest in the chapter content and stimulate critical
thinking
• Key Terms that contain clear and concise definitions of terms that are critical to enhance readers xi
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com xii PREFACE understanding of the topics and expand their vocabulary related to health care issues
• Integrated Learning Outcomes that provide instructors and students with a clear understanding of what
behaviors can be expected after a study of the chapter
is completed
• Chapter Overview is an overall perspective and
guide to the chapter content
• Case Studies, included as appropriate, apply theory
to clinical practice
• Summary at the end of each chapter provides a wrapup and helps students focus on points to remember
• References related to chapter content help students
explore further the issues that were covered
• Helpful Online Resources that are particularly relevant for further exploration of the topic are included
at the end of selected chapters NEW TO THIS EDITION
Every chapter in the sixth edition has been updated
to include the most current and relevant information
available. New and expanded content in this edition
includes the following:
• Health care reform and the Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act of 2010
• The nursing workforce supply, changing demands,
and new employment opportunities for nurses
• Technological advancements and their impact on
health care and nursing practice
• Meaningful use criteria for electronic health records
• Implications for nursing practice from the following
major new reports: • Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing
The
Health released by the Institute of Medicine and
the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation •
LACE (Licensure, Accreditation, Certification, and
Education) Consensus Model for advanced practice
registered nurse (APRN) regulation published by
the American Association of Colleges of Nursing •
Crisis Standards of Care: A Systems Framework
for Catastrophic Disaster Response released by the
Institute of Medicine • Nurse’s Guide to the Use of Social Media released
A
by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing
• The most current legal issues facing nurses
• Technological trends in nursing education such as
e-learning, iPads, and digital messaging 66485457-66485438 ANCILLARIES
The student and instructor resources for the sixth edition have been expanded to provide numerous activities
to engage students in active learning, both within and
outside the classroom. Student Resources
At the beginning and end of every chapter, students are
referred to the dedicated Evolve website for the book,
http://evolve.elsevier.com/Cherry/, where they can find
additional online resources that provide them with the
opportunity to become actively engaged in the learning
process:
• Student Learning Activities cover the major content
in the chapter with fill-in-the-blank, short answer,
complete-the-chart, true-false exercises, and crossword puzzles.
• Resumé Builder offers templates and samples of
resumés and cover letters.
• Glossary of key terms and definitions from the book.
• Appendixes include additional resources such as a
list of nursing organizations, state boards of nursing,
state nursing associations, and Canadian nursing
associations. Instructor Resources
On the same dedicated website, instructors will have
access to all of the Student Resources as well as the following resources that are designed to engage the student
in active learning within the classroom and provide
instructors with excellent in-class and online teachinglearning activities:
• TEACH Instructor’s Manual containing case studies, critical thinking questions, and answer scenarios to bring the content alive and help instructors
facilitate discussion
• PowerPoint slides and Audience Response questions giving rationale and level of difficulty for each
chapter
• Test Bank with NCLEX-RN® exam alternative-
format questions and rationales and level of difficulty
based on Bloom’s Taxonomy
• Image Collection includes images from the book
All instructor resources are password-protected, so
please contact your local sales representative for urther
f
details. www.ketabpezeshki.com ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC, received
her diploma in nursing from Methodist Hospital School
of Nursing, her BSN from West Texas A&M niversity,
U
her MBA from Texas Tech University, her MSN from
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, and
her Doctor of Nursing Science from the University of
Tennessee Health Science Center. Dr. Cherry’s clinical background is in critical care, medical-surgical, and
nephrology nursing. Her research is focused on the
long-term care nursing workforce and technology. She
has more than 20 years of clinical and nursing leadership
experience and is currently Professor and Department
Chair for Leadership Studies at Texas Tech University
Health Sciences Center School of Nursing in Lubbock,
Texas. Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN, received her BSN
from West Virginia University in 1970, her MSN from
San Jose State University in 1975, and her PhD from the
University of ennessee, Memphis in 1993. Her extenT
sive experience as a clinician, educator, and researcher
has been focused in the community health arena, specifically home health and hospice. She has been an educator
for more than 25 years and has taught at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Dr. Jacob’s research has
addressed the bereavement experience of older adults
and enhanced models of home health care delivery.
Dr. Jacob, Professor Emeritus in the College of Nursing at the University of Tennessee, Health Science
Center, Memphis, Tennessee, serves as an educational
consultant. xiii
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Our contributors deserve our most sincere thanks for
their high-quality, timely work that demonstrates genuine expertise and professionalism. Their contributions
have made this book a truly first-rate text that will be
invaluable to nursing students and faculty and will
serve as an outstanding resource for practicing nurses.
We extend a special thanks to our reviewers who gave
us helpful suggestions and insights as we developed the
sixth edition. We would like to express our grateful appreciation to the Elsevier staff—Yvonne Alexopoulos, Senior
Content Strategist; Emily Vaughters, Associate Content Development Specialist; and Jeanne Genz, Project
Manager—for their very capable and professional support, guidance, and calm reassurance.
Our deepest appreciation goes to the most important
people in our lives—our husbands, Mike and Dick, our
families, and our friends. Their enduring support and
extreme patience have allowed us to accomplish what
sometimes seemed to be the impossible. xiv
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com CONTENTS UNIT 1 The Development of Nursing
CHAPTER 1 The Evolution of Professional Nursing, 1
Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN CHAPTER 2 The Contemporary Image of Professional Nursing, 21
L. Antoinette (Toni) Bargagliotti, DNSc, RN, ANEF, FAAN CHAPTER 3 The Influence of Contemporary Trends and Issues on Nursing Education, 34
Susan R. Jacob, PhD, RN
Dawn Vanderhoef, PhD, DNP, RN, PMHNP/CS-BC CHAPTER 4 Nursing Licensure and Certification, 62
Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN CHAPTER 5 Theories of Nursing Practice, 74
Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN CHAPTER 6 Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice, 87
Jill J. Webb, PhD, MSN, RN, CS
Rosemary A. McLaughlin, PhD, MSN, RN-NIC UNIT 2 Current Issues in Health Care
CHAPTER 7 Paying for Health Care in America: Rising Costs and Challenges, 105
Marylane Wade Koch, MSN, RN CHAPTER 8 Legal Issues in Nursing and Health Care, 120
Laura R. Mahlmeister, PhD, MSN, RN CHAPTER 9 Ethical and Bioethical Issues in Nursing and Health Care, 166
Carla D. Sanderson, PhD, RN CHAPTER 10 Cultural Competency and Social Issues in Nursing and Health Care, 183
Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN CHAPTER 11 Complementary and Alternative Healing, 204
Charlotte Eliopoulos, PhD, RN, MPH, ND CHAPTER 12 Workforce Advocacy and the Nursing Shortage, 221
Debra D. Hatmaker, PhD, RN-BC, SANE-A CHAPTER 13 Collective Bargaining and Unions in Today’s Workplace, 243
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC CHAPTER 14 Information Technology in the Clinical Setting, 253
Tami H. Wyatt, PhD, RN, CNE CHAPTER 15 Emergency Preparedness and Response for Today’s World, 270
Linda D. Norman, DSN, RN, FAAN
Elizabeth E. Weiner, PhD, RN-BC, FACMI, FAAN xv
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com xvi UNIT CONTENTS 3 Leadership and Management in Nursing
CHAPTER 16 Nursing Leadership and Management, 285
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC CHAPTER 17 Budgeting Basics for Nurses, 309
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC CHAPTER 18 Effective Communication and Conflict Resolution, 322
Anna Marie Sallee, PhD, MSN, RN CHAPTER 19 Effective Delegation and Supervision, 346
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC
Margaret Elizabeth Strong, MSN, RN, NE-BC CHAPTER 20 Staffing and Nursing Care Delivery Models, 360
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC CHAPTER 21 Quality Improvement and Patient Safety, 374
Kathleen M. Werner, MS, BSN, RN CHAPTER 22 Quality and Safety in Nursing Education: The QSEN Project, 393
Gwen Sherwood, PhD, RN, FAAN CHAPTER 23 Health Policy and Politics: Get Involved!, 405
Virginia Trotter Betts, MSN, JD, RN, FAAN
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC UNIT 4 Career Management
CHAPTER 24 Making the Transition from Student to Professional Nurse, 423
Tommie L. Norris, DNS, RN CHAPTER 25 Managing Time: The Path to High Self-Performance, 444
Patricia Reid Ponte, DNSc, RN, FAAN, NEA-BC
Genevieve J. Conlin, DNP, MEd, MS/MBA, RN, NEA-BC CHAPTER 26 Contemporary Nursing Roles and Career Opportunities, 461
Rober...
See more...
CHAPTER 2 T
he Contemporary Image of Professional Nursing, 21 CHAPTER 3 T
he Influence of Contemporary Trends and Issues on Nursing Education, 34 CHAPTER 4 N
ursing Licensure and Certification, 62 CHAPTER 5 T
heories of Nursing Practice, 74 CHAPTER 2 T
he Evolution of Professional Nursing, 1 CHAPTER UN I T 1 6 N
ursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice, 87 Current Issues in Health Care
CHAPTER 8 L
egal Issues in Nursing and Health Care, 120 CHAPTER 9 E
thical and Bioethical Issues in Nursing and Health Care, 166 CHAPTER 10 C
ultural Competency and Social Issues in Nursing and Health Care, 183 CHAPTER 11 C
omplementary and Alternative Healing, 204 CHAPTER 12 W
orkforce Advocacy and the Nursing Shortage, 221 CHAPTER 13 C
ollective Bargaining and Unions in Today’s Workplace, 243 CHAPTER 14 I
nformation Technology in the Clinical Setting, 253 CHAPTER 3 P
aying for Health Care in America: Rising Costs and Challenges, 105 CHAPTER UN I T 7 15 E
mergency Preparedness and Response for Today’s World, 270 L
eadership and Management in Nursing
CHAPTER Budgeting Basics for Nurses, 309 18 E
ffective Communication and Conflict Resolution, 322 CHAPTER 19 E
ffective Delegation and Supervision, 346 CHAPTER 20 S
taffing and Nursing Care Delivery Models, 360 CHAPTER 21 Q
uality Improvement and Patient Safety, 374 CHAPTER 22 Q
uality and Safety in Nursing Education: The QSEN Project, 393 CHAPTER 4 N
ursing Leadership and Management, 285 17 CHAPTER UN I T 16 CHAPTER 23 H
ealth Policy and Politics: Get Involved!, 405 Career Management
CHAPTER M
aking the Transition from Student to Professional Nurse, 423 25 M
anaging Time: The Path to High Self-Performance, 444 CHAPTER 26 C
ontemporary Nursing Roles and Career Opportunities, 461 CHAPTER 27 J
ob Search: Finding Your Match, 480 CHAPTER Index, 509 24 CHAPTER 28 The NCLEX-RN® Examination, 497 Contemporary
Nursing
Issues, Trends, & Management 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com ACTIVATE THE COMPLETE LEARNING EXPERIENCE THAT
COMES WITH YOUR BOOK BY REGISTERING AT http://evolve.elsevier.com/Cherry/
Once you register, you will have access to your
FREE STUDY TOOLS: • tudent Learning Activities
S
Interactive activities such as matching, short answer, fill-in-the-blank, online, and other activities designed to
engage you and reinforce learning • esumé Builder
R
Includes sample resumés, cover letters, and templates to help guide you as you prepare for your career • lossary
G
Key terms and definitions taken from the textbook • ppendixes
A
Additional resources such as a list of nursing organizations, state boards of nursing, state nursing associations,
and Canadian nursing associations REGISTER TODAY!
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com Contemporary
Nursing
Issues, Trends, & Management Sixth Edition Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC
Professor and Department Chair for Leadership Studies
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
School of Nursing
Lubbock, Texas Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN
Professor Emeritus
The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
College of Nursing
Memphis, Tennessee 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com 3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043 CONTEMPORARY NURSING: ISSUES, TRENDS,
AND MANAGEMENT, ed 6
ISBN: 978-0-323-10109-7
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1999 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as
the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
P
ublisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check
the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of
each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and
duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying
on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages
and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Contemporary nursing: issues, trends, & management/[edited by] Barbara Cherry, Susan R. Jacob.
-- Ed. 6.
p.; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-323-10109-7 (pbk.: alk. paper)
I. Cherry, Barbara, MSN. II. Jacob, Susan R.
[DNLM: 1. Nursing--United States. 2. Nursing Care--United States. WY 100 AA1]
610.73--dc23 2012037205
Senior Content Strategist: Yvonne Alexopoulos
Associate Content Development Specialist: Emily Vaughters
Publishing Services Manager: Jeff Patterson
Project Manager: Jeanne Genz
Design Direction: Amy Buxton
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com To all the student nurses whose curiosity and enthusiasm for nursing
will provide strong leadership for the profession far into the future
and to all practicing nurses who face serious challenges but reap
great rewards for providing high-quality patient care 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com Being a Nurse Means . . .
You will never be bored,
You will always be frustrated,
You will be surrounded by challenges,
So much to do and so little time.
You will carry immense responsibility
And very little authority.
You will step into people’s lives,
And you will make a difference.
Some will bless you.
Some will curse you.
You will see people at their worst,
And at their best.
You will never cease to be amazed at people’s capacity
For love, courage, and endurance.
You will see life begin
and end.
You will experience resounding triumphs
And devastating failures.
You will cry a lot.
You will laugh a lot.
You will know what it is to be human
And to be humane. Melodie Chenevert, RN 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com CONTRIBUTORS
L. Antoinette (Toni) Bargagliotti, DNSc, RN, ANEF, FAAN
Professor
Loewenberg School of Nursing
The University of Memphis
Memphis, Tennessee Marylane Wade Koch, MSN, RN
Adjunct Faculty
Loewenberg School of Nursing
The University of Memphis
Memphis, Tennessee Virginia Trotter Betts, MSN, JD, RN, FAAN
Professor
The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
College of Nursing
Memphis, Tennessee Robert W. Koch, DNS, RN
Associate Professor
Loewenberg School of Nursing
The University of Memphis
Memphis, Tennessee Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC
Professor and Department Chair for Leadership Studies
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
School of Nursing
Lubbock, Texas Laura R. Mahlmeister, PhD, MSN, RN
Clinical Professor of Nursing
University of California, San Francisco
President
Mahlmeister & Associates
Belmont, California Genevieve J. Conlin, DNP, MS/MBA, MEd, RN, NEA-BC
Director of Nursing
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Charlotte Eliopoulos, PhD, RN, MPH, ND
Executive Director
American Association for Long Term Care Nursing
Glen Arm, Maryland
Debra Dawson Hatmaker, PhD, RN-BC, SANE-A
Chief Programs Officer
Georgia Nurses Association
Bishop, Georgia
Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN
Professor Emeritus
The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
College of Nursing;
Education Consultant
Faith Community Nursing
Church Health Center
Memphis, Tennessee Rosemary A. McLaughlin, PhD, MSN, RN-NIC
Associate Professor
School of Nursing
Union University
Jackson, Tennessee
Linda D. Norman, DSN, RN, FAAN
Senior Associate Dean for Academics
School of Nursing
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee
Tommie L. Norris, DNS, RN
Director, Associate Professor
Clinical Nurse Leader Program
The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
College of Nursing
Memphis, Tennessee vii
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com viii CONTRIBUTORS Patricia Reid Ponte, DNSc, RN, FAAN, NEA-BC
Senior Vice President for Patient Care Services
Chief of Nursing
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Executive Director, Oncology Nursing & Clinical
Services
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Anna Marie Sallee, PhD, MSN, RN
Adjunct Faculty, Alvin Community College
Alvin, Texas;
Staff Nurse and Educator, Houston Hospice
Houston, Texas
Carla D. Sanderson, PhD, MSN, BSN
Provost and Executive Vice President
Union University
Jackson, Tennessee
Gwen D. Sherwood, PhD, RN, FAAN
Professor and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs
School of Nursing
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Margaret Elizabeth Strong, MSN, RN, NE-BC
Assistant Professor
Division of Nursing
Baptist College of Health Sciences
Memphis, Tennessee Jill J. Webb, PhD, RN, CS
Assistant Director of the Honors Community
Professor
School of Nursing
Union University
Jackson, Tennessee
Elizabeth E. Weiner, PhD, RN-BC, FACMI, FAAN
Senior Associate Dean for Informatics
Centennial Independence Foundation Professor of
Nursing
Professor of Biomedical Informatics
School of Nursing
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee
Kathleen Werner, MS, BSN, RN
Director
Performance Improvement
Meriter Hospital
Madison, Wisconsin
Tami H. Wyatt, PhD, RN, CNE
Associate Professor
Chair, Educational Technology & Simulation
Co-Director, Health Information Technology &
Simulation Center
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
School of Nursing
Knoxville, Tennessee Dawn Marie Vanderhoef, PhD, DNP, RN, PMHNP/CS-BC
Clinical Assistant Professor
School of Nursing
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com REVIEWERS
Lucille C. Gambardella, PhD, APN-BC, CNE-ANEF
Chair and Professor
Wesley College
Dover, Delaware Gerry Walker, DHeD, MSN, RN
Park University
Parkville, Missouri Linda L. Johnson, DNP, RN, CCRN, GNP-BC
ADN Program Coordinator, Health Sciences
Hill College
Cleburne, Texas ix
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com 66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com PREFACE A t no other time in the history of modern nursing
have nurses been presented with such tremendous opportunities to improve health care and
advance the nursing profession. By understanding and
providing leadership to address the very serious issues
currently facing the U.S. health care system, nurses
can advance health care delivery to promote the health
and well-being of each individual in our society. These
important issues include patient safety and quality
care, health care reform and the uninsured population,
nursing workforce challenges, advancing technology,
changing legal and ethical concerns, evolving nursing
education trends, rising health care costs, and working
within a multicultural society. WHO WILL BENEFIT FROM THIS BOOK?
The sixth edition of Contemporary Nursing: Issues,
Trends, & Management is an excellent resource to help
nursing students and practicing nurses understand the
very complex issues facing today’s health care systems
and implement strategies from the direct patient care
level to the national legislative arena that can significantly improve patient care, the health care system, and
the nursing profession. ORGANIZATION
Unit 1: The Development of Nursing
The book opens with a presentation about the exciting
evolution of nursing, its very visible public image, and
its core foundations, which include nursing education,
licensure and certification, nursing theory, and nursing
research and evidence-based practice. These opening
chapters provide the reader with a solid background for
understanding and studying current and future trends. Unit 2: Current Issues in Health Care
This unit provides a comprehensive overview of the
most current trends and issues occurring today in nursing and health care, including health care financing and
economics, legal and ethical issues, cultural and social
issues, complementary and alternative healing, workplace issues and nursing workforce challenges, collective bargaining and unions, technology in the clinical setting, and emergency preparedness. Students, faculty, and veteran nurses will be challenged to critically
examine each of these significant issues that are shaping
the practice of professional nursing and the health care
delivery system. Unit 3: Leadership and Management
in Nursing
This unit offers a foundation of knowledge in nursing
leadership and management, with a focus on the basic
skills that are necessary for all nurses, regardless of the
setting or position in which they work, to function
effectively in the professional nursing role. Chapters
examine leadership and management theory and roles,
budgeting basics, effective communication, delegation and supervision, staffing and nursing care delivery
models, quality improvement and patient safety, quality and safety education in nursing, and health policy
and politics. The updated content in this unit provides
the most current information available related to nursing leadership and management and will serve as both a
valuable educational tool for students and a very useful
resource for practicing nurses. Unit 4: Career Management
The final unit prepares the student to embark on a
career in nursing. Making the transition from student
to professional, managing time, understanding career
opportunities, finding a good match between the nurse
and the employer, and passing the NCLEX-RN examination are all presented with practical, useful advice that
will serve as an excellent resource for both students and
novice nurses as they build their careers in professional
nursing. LEARNING AIDS
Each chapter in the sixth edition contains the same features that made the previous editions so successful:
• Real-life Vignettes and Questions to Consider at the
beginning of each chapter, which pique the reader’s
interest in the chapter content and stimulate critical
thinking
• Key Terms that contain clear and concise definitions of terms that are critical to enhance readers xi
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com xii PREFACE understanding of the topics and expand their vocabulary related to health care issues
• Integrated Learning Outcomes that provide instructors and students with a clear understanding of what
behaviors can be expected after a study of the chapter
is completed
• Chapter Overview is an overall perspective and
guide to the chapter content
• Case Studies, included as appropriate, apply theory
to clinical practice
• Summary at the end of each chapter provides a wrapup and helps students focus on points to remember
• References related to chapter content help students
explore further the issues that were covered
• Helpful Online Resources that are particularly relevant for further exploration of the topic are included
at the end of selected chapters NEW TO THIS EDITION
Every chapter in the sixth edition has been updated
to include the most current and relevant information
available. New and expanded content in this edition
includes the following:
• Health care reform and the Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act of 2010
• The nursing workforce supply, changing demands,
and new employment opportunities for nurses
• Technological advancements and their impact on
health care and nursing practice
• Meaningful use criteria for electronic health records
• Implications for nursing practice from the following
major new reports: • Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing
The
Health released by the Institute of Medicine and
the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation •
LACE (Licensure, Accreditation, Certification, and
Education) Consensus Model for advanced practice
registered nurse (APRN) regulation published by
the American Association of Colleges of Nursing •
Crisis Standards of Care: A Systems Framework
for Catastrophic Disaster Response released by the
Institute of Medicine • Nurse’s Guide to the Use of Social Media released
A
by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing
• The most current legal issues facing nurses
• Technological trends in nursing education such as
e-learning, iPads, and digital messaging 66485457-66485438 ANCILLARIES
The student and instructor resources for the sixth edition have been expanded to provide numerous activities
to engage students in active learning, both within and
outside the classroom. Student Resources
At the beginning and end of every chapter, students are
referred to the dedicated Evolve website for the book,
http://evolve.elsevier.com/Cherry/, where they can find
additional online resources that provide them with the
opportunity to become actively engaged in the learning
process:
• Student Learning Activities cover the major content
in the chapter with fill-in-the-blank, short answer,
complete-the-chart, true-false exercises, and crossword puzzles.
• Resumé Builder offers templates and samples of
resumés and cover letters.
• Glossary of key terms and definitions from the book.
• Appendixes include additional resources such as a
list of nursing organizations, state boards of nursing,
state nursing associations, and Canadian nursing
associations. Instructor Resources
On the same dedicated website, instructors will have
access to all of the Student Resources as well as the following resources that are designed to engage the student
in active learning within the classroom and provide
instructors with excellent in-class and online teachinglearning activities:
• TEACH Instructor’s Manual containing case studies, critical thinking questions, and answer scenarios to bring the content alive and help instructors
facilitate discussion
• PowerPoint slides and Audience Response questions giving rationale and level of difficulty for each
chapter
• Test Bank with NCLEX-RN® exam alternative-
format questions and rationales and level of difficulty
based on Bloom’s Taxonomy
• Image Collection includes images from the book
All instructor resources are password-protected, so
please contact your local sales representative for urther
f
details. www.ketabpezeshki.com ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC, received
her diploma in nursing from Methodist Hospital School
of Nursing, her BSN from West Texas A&M niversity,
U
her MBA from Texas Tech University, her MSN from
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, and
her Doctor of Nursing Science from the University of
Tennessee Health Science Center. Dr. Cherry’s clinical background is in critical care, medical-surgical, and
nephrology nursing. Her research is focused on the
long-term care nursing workforce and technology. She
has more than 20 years of clinical and nursing leadership
experience and is currently Professor and Department
Chair for Leadership Studies at Texas Tech University
Health Sciences Center School of Nursing in Lubbock,
Texas. Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN, received her BSN
from West Virginia University in 1970, her MSN from
San Jose State University in 1975, and her PhD from the
University of ennessee, Memphis in 1993. Her extenT
sive experience as a clinician, educator, and researcher
has been focused in the community health arena, specifically home health and hospice. She has been an educator
for more than 25 years and has taught at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Dr. Jacob’s research has
addressed the bereavement experience of older adults
and enhanced models of home health care delivery.
Dr. Jacob, Professor Emeritus in the College of Nursing at the University of Tennessee, Health Science
Center, Memphis, Tennessee, serves as an educational
consultant. xiii
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Our contributors deserve our most sincere thanks for
their high-quality, timely work that demonstrates genuine expertise and professionalism. Their contributions
have made this book a truly first-rate text that will be
invaluable to nursing students and faculty and will
serve as an outstanding resource for practicing nurses.
We extend a special thanks to our reviewers who gave
us helpful suggestions and insights as we developed the
sixth edition. We would like to express our grateful appreciation to the Elsevier staff—Yvonne Alexopoulos, Senior
Content Strategist; Emily Vaughters, Associate Content Development Specialist; and Jeanne Genz, Project
Manager—for their very capable and professional support, guidance, and calm reassurance.
Our deepest appreciation goes to the most important
people in our lives—our husbands, Mike and Dick, our
families, and our friends. Their enduring support and
extreme patience have allowed us to accomplish what
sometimes seemed to be the impossible. xiv
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com CONTENTS UNIT 1 The Development of Nursing
CHAPTER 1 The Evolution of Professional Nursing, 1
Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN CHAPTER 2 The Contemporary Image of Professional Nursing, 21
L. Antoinette (Toni) Bargagliotti, DNSc, RN, ANEF, FAAN CHAPTER 3 The Influence of Contemporary Trends and Issues on Nursing Education, 34
Susan R. Jacob, PhD, RN
Dawn Vanderhoef, PhD, DNP, RN, PMHNP/CS-BC CHAPTER 4 Nursing Licensure and Certification, 62
Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN CHAPTER 5 Theories of Nursing Practice, 74
Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN CHAPTER 6 Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice, 87
Jill J. Webb, PhD, MSN, RN, CS
Rosemary A. McLaughlin, PhD, MSN, RN-NIC UNIT 2 Current Issues in Health Care
CHAPTER 7 Paying for Health Care in America: Rising Costs and Challenges, 105
Marylane Wade Koch, MSN, RN CHAPTER 8 Legal Issues in Nursing and Health Care, 120
Laura R. Mahlmeister, PhD, MSN, RN CHAPTER 9 Ethical and Bioethical Issues in Nursing and Health Care, 166
Carla D. Sanderson, PhD, RN CHAPTER 10 Cultural Competency and Social Issues in Nursing and Health Care, 183
Susan R. Jacob, PhD, MSN, RN CHAPTER 11 Complementary and Alternative Healing, 204
Charlotte Eliopoulos, PhD, RN, MPH, ND CHAPTER 12 Workforce Advocacy and the Nursing Shortage, 221
Debra D. Hatmaker, PhD, RN-BC, SANE-A CHAPTER 13 Collective Bargaining and Unions in Today’s Workplace, 243
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC CHAPTER 14 Information Technology in the Clinical Setting, 253
Tami H. Wyatt, PhD, RN, CNE CHAPTER 15 Emergency Preparedness and Response for Today’s World, 270
Linda D. Norman, DSN, RN, FAAN
Elizabeth E. Weiner, PhD, RN-BC, FACMI, FAAN xv
66485457-66485438 www.ketabpezeshki.com xvi UNIT CONTENTS 3 Leadership and Management in Nursing
CHAPTER 16 Nursing Leadership and Management, 285
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC CHAPTER 17 Budgeting Basics for Nurses, 309
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC CHAPTER 18 Effective Communication and Conflict Resolution, 322
Anna Marie Sallee, PhD, MSN, RN CHAPTER 19 Effective Delegation and Supervision, 346
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC
Margaret Elizabeth Strong, MSN, RN, NE-BC CHAPTER 20 Staffing and Nursing Care Delivery Models, 360
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC CHAPTER 21 Quality Improvement and Patient Safety, 374
Kathleen M. Werner, MS, BSN, RN CHAPTER 22 Quality and Safety in Nursing Education: The QSEN Project, 393
Gwen Sherwood, PhD, RN, FAAN CHAPTER 23 Health Policy and Politics: Get Involved!, 405
Virginia Trotter Betts, MSN, JD, RN, FAAN
Barbara Cherry, DNSc, MBA, RN, NEA-BC UNIT 4 Career Management
CHAPTER 24 Making the Transition from Student to Professional Nurse, 423
Tommie L. Norris, DNS, RN CHAPTER 25 Managing Time: The Path to High Self-Performance, 444
Patricia Reid Ponte, DNSc, RN, FAAN, NEA-BC
Genevieve J. Conlin, DNP, MEd, MS/MBA, RN, NEA-BC CHAPTER 26 Contemporary Nursing Roles and Career Opportunities, 461
Rober...
Overall learning Outcomes
1-Develop an aesthetic appreciation of the science and the art of nursing?
2-Experience the multiple way of knowing embedded within the lifelong learning process?
3-reflect on the collective and personal meaning of nursing. Identify influences in the evaluation
of the nursing profession?
4-Expand the students affective experience of the nursing?
5-Relate theoretical foundations of the nursing profession to everyday practice?
6-Justify personal values related to nursing practice.
7-Appreciate the many contributions of nursing to society, culture and the health care enterprise.
Directions
Watch the movie’’
American Nurse”
americannurse
project.com/
film
-trailer/
1-
Respond to each question reflecting upon what impresses you in the movie and its
representation or depiction of the concept being addressed
2-
Adhere to APA style format
Part 1:
Goal 1: To cultivate Reflection (Reflection Paper)- the use of the reflection in nursing
education is well established (tanner;2006’ Draper,2014) the film itself is form of
cinematic reflection.
Example of reflective questions to be explored are:
1-Descibed the caring values you learned from watching the film.
2-Discuss what surprised you about nursing as depicted in the movie.
3-Identify health disparity issues in the film and provide a reflective commentary.
4-reflect on the therapeutic role of storytelling/life review in the practice of nursing.
5-Discusss the integration of the science and the art of nursing.
6
-which nurse could most identify with and why?
2 pages
A FILM COMPANION GUIDE
FOR ACADEMIC AND CLINICAL NURSING
HEALING AMERICA
A CAROLYN JONES DOCUMENTARY
PRESENTED BY
Fidelindo A. Lim, DNP, CCRN
New York University College of Nursing
Instructor of Nursing
James C. Pace, PhD, MDiv, ANP-BC, FAANP, FAAN
New York University College of Nursing
Associate Dean of the Undergraduate Program
Clinical Professor of Nursing
Transforming The Nation's Health Through The Power of Nursing
18 pages
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