Data Table 1 as a picture:   Part 1: Phylogenetic Tree Investigate...

Data Table 1 as a picture:

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Data Table 1: Description of Phylogenetic Tree Number on Group Characteristics Example Phylogenetic Tree Ancestral green algae (*This is a non-plant) Do not have terrestrial adaptations Charophytes 2 3 4 5

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Part 1: Phylogenetic Tree

Investigate the phylogenetic tree in Figure 12. The phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram that shows the evolution and adaptations of plants.

 

Note: Each node on the phylogenetic tree represents an evolutionary advancement. For example, the origin of the first terrestrial adaptations occurred 475 million years ago. Ancestral green algae are not plants and are entirely aquatic without terrestrial adaptations. All other organisms in the phylogenetic tree are plants that have terrestrial adaptations.

 

Figure 12 as a picture:

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1) Ancestral green algae Origin of first terrestrial 2) adaptations (475 mya) Origin of true vascular tissue (425 mya) 4) Origin of seeds (360 mya) 5) Origin of flowers (140 mya)

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1. Select the appropriate plant group that would appear at #2 on the phylogenetic tree. Note that #2 includes plants that have terrestrial adaptations but do not have true vascular tissue, seeds, or flowers. Refer to the background section as needed. Record the common plant group name or the scientific division name in Data Table 1.

Note: Number 1, the ancestral green algae has been provided in Data Table 1 as an example.

1. Record the names of the remaining plant groups (3-5) in Data Table 1.
2. In Data Table 1, describe the special adaptations that set each group of plants apart from other groups on the phylogenetic tree.
3. List an example plant that belongs to each of the plant groups. You may list a common name or a species name.

Data Table 2 as a picture:

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Data Table 2: Comparison of Mosses, Ferns, and Conifers Plant Dominant Plant Form Vasculature Specialized Structures Water Required for Fertilization Environment Mosses Ferns Conifers

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Part 2: Life History of Mosses, Ferns, and Conifers

1. In Data Table 2, list whether the dominant plant form of a moss is the gametophyte or the sporophyte.
2. In Data Table 2, describe the vasculature of a moss. Describe the roots and leaves and their functions. Determine whether the roots and leaves are considered "true" roots and leaves.
3. List specialized plant structures that mosses exhibit. Examples of potential specialized structures include spores, sperm, eggs, and sori.
4. Indicate whether moss plants require water in order for sperm to fertilize eggs. Record "requires water" or "does not require water."
5. Describe the environments in which mosses are typically found.
6. Complete Data Table 2, repeating steps 6-10 for ferns and conifers.

 

Exercise 1 - Questions

1. Describe three characteristics that all members of kingdom Plantae have in common.

 

2. Identify a characteristic that mosses have in common with ferns, but not with conifers.

 

3. Identify a characteristic that ferns have in common with conifers, but not with mosses.

 

4. What characteristic determines whether or not a plant is considered nonvascular?

 

Describe the function of each plant part in Data Table 3.

Data Table 3 as a picture:

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Data Table 3: Moss Structure Plant Part Description Gametophyte Sporangium Sporophyte Rhizoid Leaf-like Structure Antheridium Archegonium

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Exercise 2 - Questions

1. When visualizing moss, a low‐lying soft green plant may come to mind. Would this visualization reflect the gametophyte, sporophyte, or rhizoid?

 

2. ​Moss has a great number of leaf‐like structures over a small area. How does this  arrangement assist the leaves in interacting with their environment?

 

3. Why are rhizoids not considered true roots?

 

4. Where is the sperm housed? Where are the eggs housed? What conditions must exist for the sperm to reach the egg?

 

Data table 4 as a picture:

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Data Table 4: Cone and Strobili Size Plant Name: 2 3 4 5 Average Cone (cm) Strobilus (cm)

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Locate 5 mature female conifer seed cones, either attached to a conifer or on the ground near a conifer. Inspect the tree to detect strobili. Some tree species have cones and strobili on separate individuals (called dioecious plants), but most have both on the same plant (called monoecious plants).

 

Note: It does not matter if the cones you collect are immature or mature. Immature pinecones have scales that are closed. Mature pinecones have open scales and the seeds may or may not have been released. Seeds are typically released before the cones fall to the ground. 

 

1. Try to identify the species of plant you are examining. Refer to a reliable Internet source or a tree guide as necessary. List the common name or species name under "Plant name" in Data Table 4.
2. Compare the appearance of female cones to strobili. Use the metric ruler to measure the size in centimeters of 5 cones and 5 strobili. Record each measurement in Data Table 4. 
3. Calculate the average size of the cones and strobili and record in Data Table 4.

Exercise 3 - Questions

1. Describe the similarities and differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms. Why are  conifers classified as gymnosperms and not angiosperms?

 

2. In a conifer, where does the union of the egg and sperm occur? How does sperm reach the egg?

 

3. Describe the structure and shape of the conifer needle. What is the role of the conifer needle? How does its structure help conserve water?

 

4. What purpose do the root hairs serve? What purpose does the tap root serve?

 

5. What is the function of the seed coat? What is the benefit of the stored carbohydrates in the seed?

 

6. What generation, sporophyte or gametophyte, does the embryo of a seed represent?