NOTE- I just need a reply to this, please   Mrs. A has been taking...

NOTE- I just need a reply to this, please

 

Mrs. A has been taking high doses of glucocorticoids for much of the past 2 years to control severe rheumatoid arthritis. She has now developed hypertension and type 2 diabetes and would like to stop taking the cortisone because of the unwanted changes in her appearance.

Discussion Questions

1. How does Cushing's syndrome affect the individual?

 

Cushing's syndrome a disorder that happens when the body makes too much of the hormone cortisol for more than a lengthy period. Cortisol is sometimes titled the "stress hormone" because it assists your body in replying to stress, and Cortisol additionally helps. Cushing's syndrome is relatively rare, and the vast majority repeatedly impacts grownups who are 20 to 45 years old. Symptoms may include body obesity, and thin skin with bruising.

 

1. Discuss how hypertension and diabetes have developed and the potential complications of these conditions.

 

Cushing's disease (CD) is a very regular bring-on of endogenous hypercortisolism.The mechanism for the excess amount of hormone and the effect on related hormones depends on the cause.( Hubert & VanMeter, 2018) Glucocorticoid excess links to diabetes, and even though its prevalence is presumably underestimated, up to 50% of patients with CD have varying degrees of changed glucose metabolism. Hypertension results from the interaction between some pathophysiological mechanisms regulating plasma volume, peripheral vessel resistance, and cardiac output, all of which are doubled in this state.

 

1. Discuss other potential problems that Mrs. A may experience resulting from long-term use of glucocorticoids.

 

Long-term use of glucocorticoids can bring on a loss of muscle tissue. It had doubled the chance of risk of infections, for the most part, with common bacterial, viral, and fungal microorganisms, thinning bones  and fractures.

 

 

Mrs. L is a 63-year-old woman who reports constant back pain. Further inquiry into her medical history revealed that over the past 3 years, she has suffered fractures of her femur and wrist after minor falls. She experienced menopause at age 49. Mrs. L has a secretarial job, drives to work, and she "does not have time for exercise." She reports that she consumes 8 to 10 cups of coffee a day and has been a smoker most of her adult life. She has not seen her physician recently nor had a recommended bone density test because of the time and cost involved.

 

Discussion Questions

1. Relate Mrs. L's history to the diagnosis of osteoporosis. What risk factors are present, and how does each predispose to decreased bone density?

 

Osteoporosis a bone disease that happens when bone  density and bone mass decrease or when bone's high quality or form changes. This links to the reductions in bone potency that can enhance the risk of fractures and broken bones. As it appears, Mrs. L is already experiencing severe sensitivity regarding her bone density after a fractured wrist and femur. Also, her diet could be an essential factor as. Well, 8-10 cups of coffee a day could affect Mrs. L's health. Develping the disease with old age and being a woman who recently been through menopause are significant factors. Bone loss appears to happens more quickly, and new bone advancement is slower. More than time, your bones can weaken, and your risk for osteoporosis increases.

 

1. Explain the cause of pathological fractures in this patient.

 

Traditional pathophysiological concepts of osteoporosis focused on endocrine mechanisms such as estrogen or vitamin D deficiency as well as secondary hyperparathyroidism. (Föger-Samwald, 2020). Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease on a cellular level, outcomes from osteoclastic bone resorption. This causes bones to become feeble and fragile. Therefore, augmenting the risk of fractures is more likely. 

 

3.How could osteoporosis have been prevented in Mrs. L?

You have to do many things at any age to hinder weakened bones. Consuming foods that are wealthy in calcium and vitamin D is essential. So is a joint weight-bearing exercise, for example, weight training, walking, hiking, and jogging.

 

1. Discuss the treatments available to the patient.

 

An optimal diet for bone health entails ensuring you get sufficient protein and calories. Smoking Bypassing or quitting smoking is strongly advisable for bone health because smoking cigarettes. The  increaseing  risk of osteoporotic fractures in older adults with alcohol. Drinking lots of alcohol, more than two drinks daily can escalate your fracture risk.

Reference

Föger-Samwald, U. F. (2020, July 20). Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and therapeutic options. Ursula Föger-Samwald. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7415937/

 

Hubert, R. J., & VanMeter, K. C. (2018). Gould's Pathophysiology for the Health Professions (Sixth). Elsevier